Imperialism in India

Imperialism, as defined by the Dictionary of Human Geography, is â€Å"the creation and/or maintenance of an unequal economic, cultural, and territorial relationship, usually between states and often in the form of an empire, based on domination and subordination. † Imperialism has positive and negative effects, especially with Great Britain’s imperialism with India. The positive effects are in Documents 1 and 4, stating that the manufacturing aided in the majority of India’s achievements. The negative effects stated in Documents 2 and 7 shows how bitter sweet the effect of imperialism truly is.The positive effects of imperialism in India were quite plentiful. Grouping together Documents 1 and 4, one would like to state that they both encourage the beneficial view of manufacturing. In Document 1 it states that, â€Å"They [the English] develop the territory by building roads, canals, railways, and telegraphs. The progressive nations can establish schools and new spapers for the people of the colonies. † Noticeably, the point of view of this Document happens to be an Englishman who saw only the benefits of imperialism and took no thought of the negative effects.Using this document one can realize that the manufacturing of these certain matters can lead to the civilization of a country. Stated in Document 4 India gained a â€Å"higher standard of living† (Document 4) and because of this industrialization, has a â€Å"great number of bridges†¦ 40,000 miles of railway, and 70,000 miles of paved roads† (Document 4). Even though the document states a bias view of the beneficial effects, there is a certain missing voice. Because the document is written by an Englishman who has the authority and power to write this, no native Indian could back them up as to why it is negatively effective until later years.The negative effects of imperialism in India were thought of mainly by the Indians living in their home land. One would group together Documents 2 and 7 because of the point of view of the author. Both authors are Indian, giving us not an Englishman’s view on imperialism, but giving us an idea of how the native Indians felt about it. Dadabhai Naoroji, an Indian, states in Document 2, â€Å"Natives, no matter how fit, are deliberately kept out of the social institutions started by Europeans†¦ All they [the Europeans] do is live off of India while they are here. When they go, they carry all they have gained. What Naoroji is trying to say is that Englishmen are only in India for their own beneficial purposes and when they have gained that beneficial purpose, they will leave, and no Indian will have the right to tell them not to. In Document 7, Gandhi offers a complaint about imperialism and how the British has â€Å"given us no responsibility for our own government. † Because of the order of taking over India, the British have taken India and their government, leaving the natives alm ost helpless and useless. The missing voice of these documents is the Englishmen.Certainly one can tell that if a British man was present, they would argue back, stating the positive views on imperialism, leaving them the missing voice. Britain imperialized India for the better and for the worse. Because of the reign of Britain in India, the native Indians almost seemed inferior to the British, leaving them with these negative and positive effects. Indeed, India began to industrialize thanks to Britain, but India also lost control of their own country, letting the British take over. In conclusion, the imperialism act against Britain and India caused many opinionated occurrences.

Invisible Hand Essay

The invisible hand indicates situations that individuals pursuing their own self-interest leads to the social interest. It is all about free-market principles in operation and how they create desired results. The invisible hand reduces to a â€Å"laissez-faire† philosophy that sees government intervention into the markets as a real problem. The market mechanism of supply and demand communicates the wants of consumers to business and through business to resource suppliers. Competition forces business and resource suppliers to make appropriate responses. According to the invisible hand theory, each of us, acting in our own self-interests, generates a demand for goods and services that compels others to deliver those goods and services in the most efficient manner so that they may be able to receive compensation from others and make a profit in doing so. In this process, the invisible hand could be benevolent in the market because resources are allocated in the most efficient manner, in contrast to a process that relies on a centrally planned system. The invisible hand puts more resources into producing goods for which there is a shortage, as evidenced by high profit margins, at the expense of goods for which there is a surplus, as evidenced by low or negative profit margins. And the invisible hand keeps doing these adjustments continuously without anyone planning or ordering that society should produce more of what if needs and less of what it doesn’t need. In other words, the â€Å"invisible hand† represents all the social good incidentally caused by individuals pursuing their own self-interest. And it is true, the social benefits of the invisible hand are clearly seen in many cases. Firms are price takers in the market. So many firms that no one firm can influence price. It is also â€Å"homogeneous product†, rationality of all market actors and free entry and exit. A businessman who wants to become a millionaire must first come up with a product that is beneficial, pleasing and desired by thousand of customers. By pursuing his own greed, the millionaire also benefits society. The basic problem with the â€Å"invisible hand of the market† is that it is a metaphor, not a concept or principles; only simpletons refer to it as such. In practice, it is still too invisible, so governments are tempted to make it more visible through political interventions. It is clear why Smith says that moral norms are necessary for such a system to work in order for exchange to proceed, contracts must be enforceable, people must have good access to information about the products nd service available, and the rule of law must hold. Therefore, an invisible hand process is one in which the outcome to be explained is produced in a decentralized way, with no explicit agreements between the acting agents. The second essential component is that the process is not intentional. The agents’ aims are not coordinated nor identical with the acgual outcome, which is a byproduct of those aims. The process should work even without the agents having any knowledge of it. This why the process is called invisible.

If Othello had been set in a modern era, how would it differ Essay

The play Othello is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare in around 1603. The story has four central characters: Othello, Desdemona, Iago and Cassio. Othello or â€Å"the moor† is a black general, admired for his superb leadership skills. He falls in love with Desdemona, and against Brabantio’s will they elope before embarking on a campaign against the Turks. However, in Cyprus, a storm destroys the Turkish fleet and the real battle turns out to be the one of Iago against Othello. Iago’s hatred for Othello is mainly caused by his anger at missing out on a promotion added to his racism. This leads to his revenge on the protagonist. In this assessment, I am going to analyse how the play would have differed if it had been set in a modern era. The play opens with a heated discussion between Iago and Roderigo. Iago complains about Othello’s decision to promote Cassio as lieutenant. He confesses that he only remains in service of the general in order to succeed in his evil plan: â€Å" I follow him to serve my turn upon him† act 1 sc 1 l. 42. Othello is described as â€Å"the moor†. This epithet often substitutes his actual name â€Å"Othello†. Moreover, Roderigo describes Othello’s with terms such as: â€Å"thick lips†, â€Å"old black ram† and â€Å"devil† Act 1.sc 1. An Elizabethan audience would not have frowned upon the use of these terms, not finding them disturbing, offensive as it would be in our politically correct, multicultural and mobile society where distances between cultures and races have been significantly reduced. It also important to point out that there were few blacks in London during that period; there is evidence to prove this as the rise of black settlements in London occurred only during the 17th- 18th Century. Christianity further exacerbated these racial ideas as it linked the colour white to goodness and the colour black to the devil and sin. Shakespeare shows that he was open and a brave writer who was willing to stand apart from his society, choosing to make a black individual his protagonist. This choice makes him the tragic hero who the audience is encouraged to sympathize with. The second difference that rises between an Elizabethan Othello and a hypothetical modern Othello is the power men have over women. This can be seen immediately in Act 1 Scene 3 with regards to Brabantio and Desdemona. Othello’s true love for Desdemona is not accepted by Desdemona’s father, who accuses him of having used witchcraft to control Desdemona’s feelings. â€Å"She is abused, stol’n from me, and corrupted By spells [†¦] For nature so preposterously to err, Being not deficient, blind, or lame of sense Sans witchcraft could not† Act 1 Scene 3 lines 59 -64 Not only does Brabantio believes that Desdemona belongs to him as if she was of his property, her elopement disturbs him even more knowing that Othello is black. Brabantio cannot fathom how the beautiful and gentle Desdemona is attracted to the black Othello. The only way he can justify this relationship is by accusing Othello of having practiced spells against her. These accusations can be seen as typical of that time- average Londoners, such as those who attended and enjoyed Shakespeare’s plays, had very little knowledge about science and relied on popular ‘wisdom’ and religious doctrines to support their beliefs. A modern audience with a more global outlook would not hold – or be loath to admit to- even though racism has not been eradicated. In modern times the power Brabantio has over choosing his daughter’s husband would also not be accepted. Today in most western countries, it is considered a right for women to choose their own partner. The fac t that Desdemona and Othello elope and show a romantic and poetic union: â€Å"Desdemona: That I did love the Moor to live †¦ with him, My downright violence and storm of fortunes May trumpet to the world: my heart’s subdued Even to the very quality of my lord: I saw Othello’s visage in his mind, And to his honour and his valiant parts Did I my soul and fortunes consecrate.† act1 sc3 line 245 demonstrates Shakespeare’s modern thinking and the independency from accepted views and beliefs of the time. The third important factor that would distinguish from an Elizabethan Othello from a modern Othello regards the character of Emilia. Emilia is Iago’s wife and Desdemona’s close friend. Iago uses this friendship to get access to Dedemona, in particular, asking her to steal Desdemona’s handkerchief (a gift from Othello to Desdemona). Emilia does this to â€Å" please his fantasy † even though she admits â€Å"What he will do with it,/ Heaven knows, / not I† Act 3 scene 3 line 290. and the consequences of her actions lead to tragic developments, which have vital importance in the play. From this quote we can see Iago’s hold over Emilia and how she honours her duty as a wife- something that would puzzle us even though there are also women nowadays who are at the mercy of their husbands and do not leave destructive relationships. However, as the play unfolds, particularly in the last two acts we increasingly note that Emilia is an ambiguous character: she is Iago’s victim but also has a strong opinion about men and women that is now reflected in modern society. â€Å"Emilia: But I do think it is their husbands’ faults If wives do fall: say that they slack their duties, And pour our treasures into foreign laps, Or else break out in peevish jealousies, Throwing restraint upon us; or say they strike us, Or scant our former having in despite; Why, we have galls, and though we have some grace, Yet have we some revenge. Act 4 sc 3 line 16† This would probably be a feeling shared by Elizabethans but in reverse- they would identify Emilia as a faithful wife initially but would probably be confused and maybe even shocked by her words to Desdemona and equality between men and women when it comes to desire. In conclusion, we can say that elements of the plot would have undergone marked changes if Othello had been written in modern, politically correct times. Brabantio wouldn’t be making such a drama out of the fact that his daughter has married a black man; Emilia wouldn’t be stealing at the command of her husband and racist terms would not have been used by noblemen and colleagues. If the play had been set in modern times, it wouldn’t be the same play and perhaps it wouldn’t be as exciting and powerful either. Despite the fact that the play was written hundreds of years ago and we think that things have changed, racism and sexism haven’t ended and Shakespeare’s play makes us think.

Rhetorical Analysis of the Declaration of Independence Essay

In the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson, one of the founding fathers of the United States, explains to his readers why the colonies chose to abolish Great Britain’s government. His goal is to inform the readers that the government has certain responsibilities to the governed and that the British failed to adhere to its responsibilities to its colonists. His second goal is to justify their actions by explaining why it was not considered treason. By establishing his credibility and appealing to ethos, pathos and logos, Jefferson successfully wrote an informative, impactful, and inspirational document. In order for Jefferson to earn his readers’ support, he needs to establish his credibility. He does so by stating that â€Å"it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands† and â€Å"a decent respect to the opinions of mankind.† By acknowledging his needs of explaining to his educated readers the reasons for the coloniesâ€℠¢ actions, he shows them that he is an intelligent man of good character and good intentions. In the second paragraph, Jefferson stated â€Å"Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments†¦Ã¢â‚¬  to emphasize that he is cautious and reasonable. Before listing the grievances, he stated â€Å"let Facts be submitted to a candid world.† He wishes to share them to an honest and sincere world to establish a common ground with the audience. After listing the grievances, he guaranteed the readers of the colonists’ honest efforts to fix the conflict without having to separate by asserting â€Å"We have petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms: Our repeated Petitions have been answered only repeated injury.† He continues by affirming that the colonists have tried to appeal to the King and â€Å"our British brethren.† His usage of the word â€Å"brethren† shows that he is humble, respectful, and good willed. He concludes the declaration with an honorable avowal which states that the representatives of the United States of America are willing to pledge â€Å"our Lives, our Fortunes and our sacred Honor† for the principles spoken in the declaration. In Jefferson’s declaration, both the organization and the use of logic are effective and adequate. He begins with the colonistsâ €™Â  fundamental beliefs that â€Å"all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights.† He addresses that the role of the government is to secure and protect the rights of the people. As he proceeds, he states that if the government fails to â€Å"secure these rights,† then â€Å"it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and institute new Government.† Jefferson then creates a list of ways in which the British government has violated and stripped the colonists of their rights. Through the inductive proof, he explains the reason in which the colonists must become independent from Britain to gain freedom and to be treated fairly. The list of grievances strongly appeals to his audience’s emotions. Jefferson utilizes a powerful, emotional diction to implement the colonists’ sentiments toward the King’s character into his writing. He uses certain words such as tyrants, invasions, murders, abdicated, death, desolation, cruelty, barbarous, and destruction. These words make the audience establish a sympathetic feeling towards the colonists and that the King is â€Å"totally unworthy [to be] the Head of a civilized nation† and â€Å"unfit to be the ruler of a free people.† Jefferson emphatically proves the injustice and brutality of the King and Parliament. Based on the Declaration of Independence, Elizabeth Cady Stanton drafted the Declaration of Sentiments and Resolution to express freedom to the American public for equality with men under the law, in education and employment. Stanton explains to her readers why depriving women from their rights is unconstitutional and unjust. Her first goal is to convince the men and women of the United States in the support of women’s rights movement. . Her second goal is to demand the rights of women as right-bearing individuals be recognized and respected by society. By utilizing logical argument, establishing her credibility and appealing to the audience’s emotions, Stanton is able to convey a sense of endorsement. Stanton modeled her declaration with the Declaration of Independence to illustrate that her list of logical arguments are simple and clear. She states that â€Å"we hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are created equal†¦Ã¢â‚¬  to address that every human being is created with the same qualities; thus, women should not be treated differently. She understands that her audience knows the â€Å"inalienable rights† that the  government must protect and secure. Believing in this belief, Stanton wants the audience to question why women are not awarded with rights when both sexes are claimed to have been given by the Creator. Her references to religion effectively force the audience to believe that the laws created by the government displease God and his law of equality. Stanton proceeds to list the grievances that women experienced in the United States. Her use of diction and syntax evoke certain emotions out of the audience. Similar to the Declarati on of Independence, Stanton uses repetition in her list to emphasize and impact the audience emotionally. In the list, Stanton states that â€Å"he has monopolized nearly all the profitable employments†¦she receives but a scanty remuneration.† This is one of the oppression that effectively appeals to the audience’s emotion. She wants her readers to feel sympathy over what it is like to work tirelessly for long hours to not being able to keep the money. Stanton uses powerful languages such as â€Å"civilly dead† and â€Å"long train of abuses and usurpations† to persuade the audience to see her point and join the movement. For Stanton’s argument to work, she has to earn her readers’ trust. She knows that most of the women will support her demands; however, she especially needs to gain the support from men for the argument to be more effective. She establishes credibility by utilizing similar words from the Declaration of Independence to demonstrate that she is intelligent. In the last paragraph, she states â€Å"we insist that they have imme diate admission to all the rights and privileges†¦Ã¢â‚¬  to show that she is humble and courteous. She is not asking to take anything from men, but rather she is simply insisting that women get the same rights as men. Both drafts consist of definite logical arguments, well-organized ethical and powerful emotional appeals. Thomas Jefferson and Elizabeth Cady Stanton successfully utilize a wide range of elements to draw the audience and convince them to support their cause. Their passion and determination to gain freedom while experiencing the obstacle of unequal rights were strongly expressed in their writings. Although rhetoric is used by many to create a negative connotation, authors utilize rhetorical strategies to achieve their purpose of persuading or informing an argument. Thomas Jefferson was able to eloquently draft an inspirational and resounding declaration formed the basis for the American Revolution. His declaration became a significant role model for other countries and people who were experiencing similar conflicts  such as France and women. By implementing rhetorical devices, he was able to convince many Americans that independence, which they first apprehended as evil, was in truth a benediction.

Free writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Free writing - Essay Example Confusing the issue regarding the origin of the eyeglass, though, are reports in China of similar inventions coming to them earlier than the Italian invention. Spectacles may have introduced into China as early as the twelfth century, coming in from Malacca â€Å"in the Western Regions.† This date was derived by comparing the original documents and reviewing the probable date regarding when they were written given what is known about the life of the author. This also places spectacles in China at least a century earlier than had been determined based on readings of the Western texts, especially the texts coming out of Italy. (Chiu, 1936) As complex as the discussion regarding the invention of the eyeglass, certain developments in its evolution have been almost as hotly debated. Acknowledging that a large portion of the credit for this invention has been attributed to Benjamin Franklin, two other men probably played a large role in the creation and development of this specializ ed vision aid, Sir Joshua Reynolds and Benjamin West. Tracing through these letters, the author indicates that Franklin’s recipient had already been familiar with the idea prior to Franklin’s letter, further indicating an earlier invention. Other materials have also surfaced revolving around Benjamin West that indicated he, as well as several painters and other artists, were accustomed to wearing divided glasses for many years prior to the man’s death in 1820. However, it is unknown whether these ‘many years’ predated or postdated Franklin’s use of bifocals. However, the man that created West’s bifocals knew of other artists, particularly Sir Joshua Reynolds, who also used bifocals who would have needed them prior to Franklin’s invention of them in 1784. In addition, it would have been unlikely that Reynolds would have been able to adopt the invention from Franklin as Franklin had been in France at the time and finally, it is be lieved West got his idea for bifocals from Reynolds rather than Franklin. What is known is that all three men knew each other and all three men wore bifocals. (Levene, 1972) What is not know is whom exactly invented eyeglasses we are familiar with now or when. Eyeglasses, or spectacles, in the earliest forms of what might be familiar today, had its beginnings in the thirteenth century. Salvino degli Armati is widely credited as being the inventor of the familiar two-lens apparatus that rests on the bridge of the nose although English Franciscan and intellectual Roger Bacon (1220 -1292), designed a similar version a couple of decades earlier. The discovery that curved glass improved vision led to other innovations such as the telescope and microscope which led to the rise of modern science, greatly advancing the breadth of knowledge and well-being of the human race. Reading glasses themselves represent one of the most significant inventions of human kind as they were developed by a c ollaboration of several talented craftsmen including glassmakers, jewelers and clockmakers along with â€Å"philosophers, monks, mathematicians, physicists, astronomers, and chemists who all played vital roles in developing this instrument† (Rosenthal, 1994, p. 489). The Greeks, Egyptians, Romans and Chinese are all recorded to have experimented with varying types of ocular manipulations using glass. A prominent astronomer and mathematician

GRNS402 Carbon Farming Initiative Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

GRNS402 Carbon Farming Initiative - Essay Example Carbon absorbed by plants is stored in plant tissues which are then consumed by animals (Cameron, 2011). Carbon in plant tissues can also be taken to the soil through decomposition when plants die. Carbon is stored in soils in the form of organic matter. This is a compound combination of compounds of carbon containing decomposed plant tissues and animal tissues and carbon that is associated to soil minerals Carbon dioxide that has currently led to change in climate are resulted from agricultural activities (Kimble, Lal & Follett, 2002). Carbon however can also be stored for a long term in the soil through the process of soil carbon sequestration. In carbon farming, the main aim is to remove carbon that is available in the air and convert them to plant material. The farming practice is successful when there is more gain of carbon from the atmosphere that results from enhancement in land management and conservation to exceed loses (Kimble, Lal & Follett, 2002). Conservation tillage is a process that can be used to minimize manipulation of the soil for production of crops. Practices included in this aspect are mulch tillage, cover cropping and crop rotation. Forests are also play an important role in sequestering carbon in the soil on farms (Bates, 2010). Carbon Farming Initiative enables farmers and those that manage firms to make recognitions of carbon through keeping carbon or reduction of gas released on land from greenhouse. The credits obtained credits can be traded to individuals and productions with the desire to balance their releases (Swingland, 2003). Rules governing carbon farming have changed. The changes in the sector have been integrated with Emission Reduction Fund. In the changes, there are activities that can be carried out in farming as brought out under the Carbon Farming initiative (Cameron, 2011). The activities fall

Aircraft wing design Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Aircraft wing design - Assignment Example Aircraft wing plays a vital role in its final operation and as such incorporates a number of fundamental design considerations. According to Kundu et al. (2003, p.241).   it literally impossible for one to design an aircraft part without comprehensively understanding the role of that part in the aircraft and the fundamental theories that accompany its design. In this paper, a detailed plan for design of an aircraft wing is described on that basis, an aircraft wing model proposed. Design considerations Various design considerations are put into consideration when designing an aircraft wing. these are below:The author states that the wing span is crucial in design. Basically, this is constrained by the size of the hangar, as well as the ground facilities. However, such must be based on the structural dynamic constraints. Measures must be the put in place to minimize the induced direct drag. Consideration is also taken not to raise the wing’s structural weight in a manner that extremely increases the savings on induced drag. the area of the wing, just like is the case in selecting the span considers various aspects include the drag constraint, speed of stalling and field length, as well as the volume of fuel. despite the fact that in some instances these factors allow for creation of small wings, the size of the wing in this case is increased in order to obtain a reasonably appropriate CL on basis of the pre-defined flight conditions (Moir & Seabridge, 2007; Raymer, 2008, p. 67).