Ethical implications and theories about a new technology Essay

Moral ramifications and hypotheses about another innovation - Essay Example Test (2007) reports that researchers working in the field of nervous system science have built up a framework with which they can investigate a person’s brain and see their goals even before they are completed. Basically, it permits them to bug the psyche of an individual much like a phone can be pester. The procedure depends on taking high goals sweeps of the mind to distinguish the action in specific zones of the cerebrum which can be converted into the genuine considerations of the individual. A mind picture of this sort could uncover an individual who is lying, having rough contemplations, has racial partialities, or some other negative or positive feelings. While the procedure can be utilized to help in cross examination and wrongdoing comprehending it could without much of a stretch transform into an Orwellian apparatus much like the idea police. Obviously the cerebrum sweep could likewise be utilized to demonstrate the honesty of a person who has not perpetrated a wrongdoing yet the attack of protection and the infringement of social liberties absolutely raise intriguing inquiries. The innovation is as yet quite a while away from being culminated yet it is going towards a course where concealing considerations may be incomprehensible. In a couple of years, researchers will have the option to tell if an individual is lying or not just by taking a gander at their mind movement. Truth be told, we may even have the option to know a person’s passionate state, foundation musings just as their deepest desires with a sufficient output of their cerebrum. The thought has its positive applications since PCs could be controlled with the mind and hardware could likewise be controlled with thought alone to furnish the impaired with an uncommon level of development. Figured controlled wheelchairs or counterfeit limbs could make losing an arm or a leg less crippling than it is presently. Unmistakably, there are both positive and negative sides to the discussion on the perusing of musings. To all the more likely handle the circumstance in moral terms,

Communication: Theory, Forms and Parameters

Correspondence: Theory, Forms and Parameters RINSON MAMMEN Hypotheses FORMS AND PARAMETERS OF COMMUNICATION Hypotheses of correspondence Entertainer Network Theory proposes that human and non-human elements are similarly compelling in the achievement of mechanical development and logical information creation. The hypothesis sees how systems are shaped and how these systems add to these victories. It recommends that nobody individual or thing is exclusively liable for these progressions. In this way, both an entertainer and a system are liable for accomplishing these results. Versatile Structuration Theory (AST) Groups and associations make rules and assets which are characterized as structures. These structures structure social frameworks which build up their very own existence. The nature of the structure influences dynamic, and choices likewise influence the structure. Plan Setting Theory: Agenda Setting Theory expresses that broad communications associations figure out what everybody considers newsworthy by choosing how much consideration a report gets. The term striking nature move is generally utilized and alludes to the capacity of the media to move their plans onto people in general. Subjective Dissonance Theory: Cognitive Dissonance is the mental clash that outcomes from holding two opposing or contradictory convictions or perspectives. For instance, one can like an individual, however dislike their propensities. The hypothesis proposes that an individual searches for balance in their convictions. In this manner, so as to decrease cacophony, one will abstain from hearing restricting perspectives or change their convictions to coordinate their activities. Correspondence Accommodation Theory: Communication Accommodation Theory depicts when individuals suit or change their correspondence styles to other people. These progressions in verbal and nonverbal styles are done through two different ways: disparity and assembly. Uniqueness is utilized to feature bunch personality through touting the distinctions of the gathering they relate to. Dissimilarity is frequently utilized by bunches with solid ethnic or racial pride. Union is utilized all the more frequently by frail people for social endorsement and spotlights on coordinating the correspondence styles of the individual with whom they are addressing. Development Theory: Cultivation Theory contends media shapes a people feeling of the real world. Since many gain data through intervened sources as opposed to coordinate understanding, their reality see becomes affected by these sources. For instance, Cultivation Theory proposes that individuals who might be characterized as overwhelming audience members consider the to be as increasingly rough that it really seems to be. Face Negotiation Theory: Face Negotiation Theory features strife style contrasts among collectivist and individualistic societies. Collectivist societies place an incentive on the gathering and in this way embrace a contention style of maintaining a strategic distance from or coordinating to give others shared face. Individualistic societies place an incentive on the individual and trying to ensure self-face, they receive an overwhelming clash style. Hypodermic Needle Theory: The Hypodermic Needle Theory, otherwise called the ‘magic bullet’ hypothesis, says the media has a ground-breaking and direct impact on crowds by ‘injecting’ them with messages. The Hypodermic Needle Theory no longer conveys the regard it once did since its exactness was seen as sketchy. Quieted Group Theory: Muted Group Theory expresses that since language is man-caused ladies to stay decreased and barred. Since words and standards have been made by men, ladies are distraught in broad daylight. As ladies become not so much quieted but rather more vocal, the prevailing situation of guys in the public eye will reduce. Social Exchange Theory: Social Exchange Theory sets a ‘economic’ trade for in relational connections. Which means, the connections is improved by fulfilling every others personal circumstance. In this hypothesis, personal circumstance isn't viewed as an awful thing, yet rather as an idea that fabricates the relationship. Social Learning Theory: Social Learning Theory contends that individuals gain from one another through watching, impersonating, and displaying the practices, mentalities, and enthusiastic responses of others. Social learning hypothesis clarifies how human conduct can be molded by nonstop proportional communication between subjective, conduct, a natural impacts. Social Penetration Theory: Social Penetration Theory takes a gander at how shallow connections advance to personal connections. The hypothesis states it is a steady advancement due essentially to self-divulgence between parties. In any case, while this self-revelation can be viable in making close connections, it can likewise leave at least one people powerless. Outlook Theory: Standpoint Theory guarantees that every individual is situated in an alternate position among the social progressive system. Along these lines, every individual perspectives the social atmosphere from an alternate vantage point, which just gives a little glance at the social entirety. Be that as it may, the hypothesis likewise asserts that the individuals who are lower on the social stepping stool will in general have a more noteworthy comprehension of the social entire, instead of those higher up. Representative Interactionism Theory: Symbolic Interaction Theory proposes that the idea of self is made by three standards: 1) Meaning: that we demonstration towards and things as indicated by the implications we concern them. 2) Language: that we arrange significance through images. 3) Thought: that idea changes our translations. Emblematic interactionism suggests that without correspondence there would be no self idea. Hypothesis of Planned Behavior (TPB): Theory of Planned Behavior is equivalent to Theory of Reasoned Action in that it says individual attitudinal decisions and social-standardizing contemplations impact a person’s goals to play out a conduct, however TPB includes a third component: saw social control. This component being the view of how simple or troublesome it is to play out the conduct. Hypothesis of Reasoned Action (TRA) Theory of Reasoned Action takes a gander at how practices can be impacted by affecting a person’s goals. TRA states that two fundamental components advise an individual whether to play out a conduct: 1) individual attitudinal decisions: the assessment of the activity; and, 2) social-standardizing contemplations: what one accepts others figure they ought to do. Vulnerability Reduction Theory: Uncertainty Reduction Theory expresses that when outsiders meet, their essential objective is to lessen levels of vulnerability. Vulnerability importance, being uncertain of how to act (or how the other individual will carry on), and uncertain of what to think about the other individual. For instance, in the event that they like the individual or don't care for the individual. As indicated by this hypothesis, they will utilize correspondence to decrease this vulnerability. Utilizations and Gratifications Theory: The Uses and Gratifications Theory accept crowds effectively search out media to fulfill singular needs. With this presumption, the Uses and Gratifications Theory hopes to respond to three inquiries: what do individuals do with the media, what are their basic intentions in utilizing said media, and what are the advantages and disadvantages of this individual media use Various Forms of Communication Verbal Communication Verbal correspondence incorporates sounds, words, language and talking. Language is said to have started from sounds and signals. There are numerous dialects expressed on the planet. The premise of language arrangement are: sex, class, calling, land region, age gathering and other social components. Talking is a powerful method of conveying and is again grouped into two sorts viz. relational correspondence and open talking. Great verbal correspondence is an indistinguishable piece of business correspondence. In a business, you go over individuals from different ages, societies and races. Familiar verbal correspondence is fundamental, to manage individuals in conferences. Additionally, in business correspondence fearlessness assumes an essential job which when clubbed with familiar relational abilities can prompt achievement. Open talking is another verbal correspondence wherein you need to address a gathering of individuals. Planning for a powerful discourse before you start is significant. In broad daylight talking, the discourse must be set up as per the sort of crowd you are going to confront. The substance of your discourse ought to be bona fide and you should have enough data on the theme you have decided for open talking. All the primary concerns in your discourse must be featured and these focuses ought to be conveyed in the right request. There are numerous open talking procedures and these methods must be drilled for a successful discourse. Non-Verbal Communication Non-verbal correspondence includes physical methods of correspondence, similar to, tone of the voice, contact, smell and body movement. Imaginative and tasteful non-verbal correspondence incorporates singing, music, moving and molding. Images and gesture based communication are additionally remembered for non-verbal correspondence. Non-verbal communication is a non-verbal method of correspondence. Body act and physical contact pass on a great deal of data. Body act matters a ton when you are conveying verbally to somebody. Collapsed arms and crossed legs are a portion of the signs passed on by a body act. Physical contact, such as, shaking hands, pushing, praising and contacting communicates the sentiment of closeness. Outward appearances, motions and eye to eye connection are on the whole various methods of correspondence. Perusing outward appearances can assist you with realizing an individual better. Composed Communication Written correspondence is composing the words which you need to impart. Great composed correspondence is basic for business purposes. Composed correspondence is polished in a wide range of dialects. Messages, reports, articles and updates are a portion of the methods of utilizing composed correspondence in business. The composed correspondence can be altered and changed commonly before it is imparted to the second party to whom the correspondence is planned. This is one of the fundamental focal points of utilizing composing as the major mea

Manage Wedding Vows With Social Anxiety Disorder

Manage Wedding Vows With Social Anxiety Disorder Social Anxiety Disorder Coping Print Manage Wedding Vows With Social Anxiety Disorder By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Updated on February 04, 2020 Social Anxiety Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children pixdeluxe / Getty Images If you suffer from social anxiety disorder (SAD) and are getting married, you may be worried about saying your wedding vows in front of a large group. In addition to receiving proper treatment such as cognitive-behavioral therapy or medication, there are strategies you can use to reduce wedding vows anxiety. Strategies to Reduce Anxiety When Saying Your Vows Make them meaningful: If possible, write your own vows. Saying something that is personalized and has meaning to you will be less anxiety-provoking than simply reciting traditional vows.Practice out loud: Make sure to spend time practicing your vows out loud before the big day. Even better, try them out on a friend. Practice speaking loudly, clearly and slowly. Pause at the end of each sentence by saying a keyword such as breathe silently in your head.Memorize: When saying your vows out loud, make an attempt to memorize them. This will add meaning to what you are saying when the moment comes. Dont worry, however, if your memory fails you. Keep a copy of your vows in your hand in case you draw a blank.Visualize success: See yourself confidently saying your vows. Instead of imagining everything that could go wrong, expect that everything will go right.Speak in unison: If anxiety is getting out of hand, make a plan to have the officiant and your future spouse whisper your vows with you as you say them out loud during the ceremony. The audience wont notice and you will feel less like the center of attention.Breathe deep: Prior to and during the ceremony, practice deep breathing to induce relaxation.Look at your partner: When the time comes, gaze into the eyes of your future spouse. Imagine that you are talking only to them and you will be put more at ease.

Racial Identity Of African American Adolescents - 821 Words

Along with that, racial identity is another big contributor to the degradation of African American’s youth mental health, as a weak racial identity results in poorly mishandled ways of coping with racism and stress. African American students as early as middle school engage in introspection of their racial identity, where they begin to discover who they are and the negative stereotypes surrounding their identity (Cheryl Holcomb-McCoy, 2007, p.256). The results of a study of 297 African American adolescents by McCreary, Slavin, and Berry found that a strong pride in racial identity was important in handling stress in a positive manner and decreasing poor mental health (Cheryl Holcomb-McCoy, 2007, p.256). Students were less likely to internalize negative racial stereotypes that devalue their worth and build resistance towards it. If not, students were more susceptible to succumbing to stereotype threat, racial bias, and a negative self-fulfilling prophecy that could alter their well-being and threaten their mental health. Chronic exposure to this can severely damage African Americans adolescents’ mental health, which is evident by their mental withdrawal in school and loss of interest or motivation to achieve academic success. Methods Eight college students attending the University of Louisville were interviewed. Within this group, half were females and the other half were males. Among the females, two were biracial and the other were African American. Of the individuals whoShow MoreRelatedGender And Ethnic Background On Adolescent Development997 Words   |  4 Pagesneighborhood in which the adolescent lives, their socioeconomic status, racial and ethnic background, play a role in their development. A spectrum that considers a multifaceted framework, provides a platform to enhance one’s understanding of the assessment outcomes. According to Hill, Bromell, Tyson Flint (2007), the stages of adolescent development from ages eight to sixteen, involve biological, social, and cognitive components. Adolescents move through phases of identity development which encapsulatesRead MoreRace, Religion, Social Class, And Ethnicity1274 Words   |  6 PagesHow you do in school, your social ability, and your awarenes s of others are all guided by how you identify. Identification in one’s gender, race, religion, social class, and ethnicity are all driving forces behind your future self. Identity is a crucial part of who you are, and in recent studies and experimentation researchers have been trying to identify new, untested factors that influence behavior in people. Although, in the past there hasn’t been a strong focus on the positive and negative effectsRead MoreImportance Of Race Ethnicity : An Exploration Of Asian, Black, Latino, And Multiracial Adolescent Identity Essay1047 Words   |  5 PagesHatice Kara September 12th, 2015 Dr. Wang Article Critique #1 Importance of race-ethnicity: An exploration of Asian, Black, Latino, and Multiracial adolescent identity Article source- Charmaraman, L., Grossman, J. M. (2010, April). Importance of race-ethnicity: An exploration of Asian, Black, Latino, and Multiracial adolescent identity. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 16(2), 144-151. doi: 10.1037/a0018668 (a) Contextual information about the purpose/intention of this study:Read MoreCalvins Problem as an African American1209 Words   |  5 Pagesthere is a deeper problem occurring between the teacher and Calvin. Successful African American students, like Calvin, do not receive much attention in school systems and research. The underachievement and low- level course enrollment of African American males is well documented and seems to be a construct in the educational system. Behaviors from students tend to be a tool of coping that clashes with the Euro-American worldview of culturally acceptable behavior. When it comes to Calvin’s historyRead MoreEffects Of Socialization1676 Words   |  7 Pagesgroups of people. Racial socialization is defined as â€Å"learning about one’s ethnic and racial identity in a given culture† (Rohall 153). This is done primarily through one of our agents of socialization, our families. Families teach their children about their cultural heritage through racial pride or history. Children use this information to maneuver their identities in society and prepare for racial biases. These messages and practices are used to promote positive racial ide ntity and prepare ethnicRead More Ethnic Identity and African Americans Essay871 Words   |  4 Pages Ethnic Identity and African Americans Ethnic Identity Ethnic identity is the sum total of group member feelings about those values, symbols, and common histories that identify them as a distinct group (Smith 1991). Development of ethnic identity is important because it helps one to come to terms with their ethnic membership as a prominent reference group and significant part of an individuals overall identity. Ethnic reference group refers to an individuals psychological relatedness to groupsRead MoreCommunication Between African American Mothers and Their Daughters1740 Words   |  7 PagesAfrican American Mothers and Their Daughters Introduction A girls communication and relationship with her mother are influential to her development and well-being. Communication between mother and daughter entails sending, receiving and comprehending each other intended message. According to Belgrave (2009), majority of girls report positive relationships with their mothers. Most girls learn from their mothers. This is because mothers teach and socialize with their daughters regarding any facetRead MoreWhy Are All The Black Kids Sitting Together?917 Words   |  4 Pagesin the African-American community in regards to educational opportunities. Race hinders educational opportunity of African-Americans through the expectations of others and self-identity conflicts. Beverly Tatum s Why Are All the Black Kids Sitting Together in the Cafeteria?and Ann DuCille s Multicultural Barbie and the Merchandising of Difference demonstrate what it means to be an African American adolescent in today s time. One of the obstacles that African American adolescents face isRead MoreEffects of Violence on Adolescence1408 Words   |  6 Pagesviolence among adolescents that showed victimization in the home was associated with anxiety, depression, and aggression (Tummala-Narra, 9). A home that is filled with violence or poor living conditions may lead to aggressive behaviors. Among adolescents, boys have been reported to be more exposed to violence than girls. Video games, television shows, and sports are examples of why males are more exposed to violence. Exposure to violence has become more prevalent among African American and Latino AmericanRead MoreBlack American Youth And Racial Identity2929 Words   |  12 PagesBlack American Youth Racial Identity Oral Report Summary I decided to do my annotated bibliography on Black American youth and racial identity. Each one of the articles that I have chosen addresses one or more of the issues in regards to sociocultural and international contexts that influence individual differences in the cultural group, how individual differences influence beliefs, values, and interactions with others and vice versa, as predictions on how interaction among diverse people can

Amazon - 2016 Words

Amazon.com, Inc. Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Introduction 3 History 3 Mission Strategy 3 Organizational Culture 4 Hiring, Performance Management Compensation Strategy 5 Leadership Role 6 Current Challenges 7 Identification of the Problem 7 Recommendations 8 I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: II. INTRODUCTION: Amazon.com, Inc. is an American international electronic commerce company with headquarters in Seattle, Washington, United States. It is the world’s largest internet company, based on revenue ($74.4 billion as of 2013) and number of employees (132,600 as of June 2014). History: The company was founded in 1994, after Bezos left his employment†¦show more content†¦Amazon will only hire a new employee when demand necessitates it, ensuring that no capital is wasted on inefficient or unnecessary laborv. In order to maximize the efficiency of their workers, Amazon hires the most intelligent, resourceful problem-solvers possible. Amazon employees, though often overextended and overwhelmed by work, are impressed and empowered by the level of intellect within their coworkers. Additionally, Bezos intentionally built Amazon’s cultural leadership to be somewhat decentralized and as free of bureaucracy as possible to allow for flexibility and rapid implementation of new ideas.vi With nearly three-quarters of their workforce employed at regional distribution centersvii, Amazon’s warehouse culture mirrors it corporate partner’s efficiency-first mentality. In protecting Amazon’s goals to deliver customers products as quickly as possible, warehouse workers are constantly reviewed and judged based on timing metrics associated with their ability to retrieve and bundle orders. Intelligent and dedicated employees are key to Amazon’s corporate culture, which highlights two additional concepts detailed in Amazon’s â€Å"14 Leadership Principles†: ownership and hiring/developing the best talent. Success as the Internet’s leading consumer products vendor requires that the employees at Amazon â€Å"buy in† and feel a sense of ownership and responsibility to the company. The challenge Amazon faces is finding employees who embodyShow MoreRelatedProject Report On Amazon s Amazon 1335 Words   |  6 PagesAmazon does not reveal much about its showcasing strategies in its yearly reports, however there weavers be an emphasis on web based advertising channels according to its most recent yearly report. Their different activities incorporate outside and TV publicizing, however they are not said particularly. As of late, they have been contributing intensely on open air and TV publicizing. In an announcement in their yearly report the y likewise reference point towards the significance of client reliabilityRead MoreAmazon Kindle And The Amazon836 Words   |  4 PagesSince 1994, when Amazon began, Jeff Bezos has been known for thinking outside of the box and looking for new and innovative ways to grow Amazon by bringing different technologies and services to their millions of customers. When discussing being influenced by other companies, Bezos once said, â€Å"You want to look at it and say, ‘That’s very interesting. What can we be inspired to do as a result of that?’ And then put your own unique twist on it† (Lashinsky, 2012). Bezos strives to bring products andRead MoreAmazon Forests : The Amazon Rainforest1577 Words   |  7 Pagesacres, the Amazon rainforest stands as an amazing wonder in the world. The majority of the Amazon rainforest lies in Brazil, but also is found in Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, Suriname, French Guiana, and Guiana. Covering such a vast amo unt of land makes this region one of the most diverse ecological habitats in the word, but, while recognized as a priceless jewel of nature and a key factor in the global climate control, greed and selfishness are quickly destroying the Amazon RainforestRead MoreAmazon Kindle Case Analysis : Amazon1699 Words   |  7 Pages â€Æ' Amazon Kindle Case Analysis Amazon is a leading e-commerce company in the US as well as in many other countries. Right from its inception in 1999, it has projected an image of a company that is driven by innovation, and one which constantly works towards improving customer experience. After establishing its presence in the e-commerce market, Amazon diversified itself to include several products and services. The products discussed in this case, Kindle e-readers and Kindle Fire Tablets are examplesRead MoreAmazon Analysis : Amazon Fire Smartphones2395 Words   |  10 Pagesshare (Statistica 2013); Amazon Fire smartphones; various games through Amazon Game Studios as well as providing a video streaming service similar to that of Netflix. The Seattle based company also implements vast amounts of information technologies within its processes and operations, from its products through to how it provides its services. Its e-readers and smart phones are prime examples of the information technology used by the company, however as of December 2014, Amazon has implemented robotRead MoreSwot Analysis Of Amazon1442 Words   |  6 PagesAmazon, founded in 1994 by Jeff Bezos in Seattle, Washington. Jeff’s launch of an online bookstore quickly revolved into the selling of clothing, electronics, video games, auto, beauty and health, just about anything you need, thus, making online shopping popular. Jeff launch Amazon out of his home garage, selling books in all 50 states and 45 different countries within its first month. But the name Amazon was not Bezos first or second choice for the organization, but settle on this name becauseRead MoreAmazon : An Overview Of Amazon And Its Stakeholders1346 Words   |  6 PagesAn Overview of Amazon and Its’ Stakeholders Amazon Web Services is a cloud computing platform which was to provide online services to websites (Rouse, 2014). Amazon is comprised of software development and customer service centers around the world (Rouse, 2014). At Amazon, workers are encouraged to tear apart one another’s ideas in meetings, toil long and late and held to unreasonably high standards (Kantor Streitfeld, 2015). Amazon is the world’s largest online retailer that was launched inRead MoreSimple Ways Of Save On Amazon2498 Words   |  10 PagesSimple Ways To Save On Amazon Wouldn t it be nice if there were a multitude of easy-to-accomplish suggestions for saving a ton of money when you shop through Amazon? As it turns out, the industry-leading online retailer employs dozens of ways to bring the savings to their customers, but many of these methods are often overlooked by those who lack either the knowledge of the deals or the time to search for them manually. In order to help you discover your true saving potential, we ve outlined aRead MoreAmazon Essay1009 Words   |  5 PagesNguyen Quoc Khanh BUS 103 Case 3: Amazon: One E- Store to Rule Them All. 1. In what way does Bezos’s decision to develop and deliver the Kindle show systematic and intuitive thinking? First, Bezos has shown his intuitive thinking in the decision of unveiling Amazon Kindle, a new device that is completely outside Apple’s catalog though Amazon still sold Apple’s iPod. Furthermore, he introduced to Medias his product, it seemed like a declaration to Apple. Because Apple is a giant of technologicalRead MoreMythology : Mythology Of The Fierce Amazons2071 Words   |  9 Pagesthe Greek legend of the fierce Amazons. The Amazons were ferocious women warriors. They were wild women who resided on the fringes of the known world under the rules of a matriarchy. They didn t marry, and often used men before murdering them. It was reputed that they removed the right breast from young girls to help facilitate archery. They mated randomly and only raised the healthy female offspring, males were either killed at birth or made into slaves. The Amazons were an Athenian male s worst

Sonnys Blues Essay - 1757 Words

The story â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† By James Baldwin is about a jazz musician and his brother in 1950’s Harlem. The story centers on Sonny who uses jazz music as an escape from his depression. James Baldwin captures the art of jazz during this time period. The themes in this short story are perhaps varied, but all of them revolve around some form of suffering. One theme shows how music can promote change and understanding within relationships. A second theme reveals suffering caused by guilt. Yet another theme references the results of suffering brought about by searching for ones’ identity and how that leads to misunderstanding. There are also subthemes concerning racism and poverty. James Baldwin was born in 1924 in Harlem, New York to†¦show more content†¦(Teaching Arts) One of Baldwin’s beliefs was that art and music has the power to minimize suffering. Sonny uses bebop to express his emotions on his up-bringing and where he came from. The narrator, Sonny’s brother, and Sonny grew up in the projects of Harlem and were exposed to drugs and alcohol. They both feel darkness in their lives. Sonny became addicted to heroin and went to jail. Once out of jail, Sonny uses bebop music to make sense of his emotions instead of the heroin. Sonny’s brother does not understand his passion for music but does not know how to express his feelings of being â€Å"trapped in the darkness which roared outside.†(Baldwin 84) When Sonny was a teenager, he tells his brother he wants to be a jazz musician. The narrator does not think it is good enough for him because jazz was new and was not yet understood. The narrator goes to a club to watch Sonny and his band play. He begins to understand how deeply his brother feels and thinks, â€Å"I had never before thought of how awful the relationship must be between the musician and his instrument. He has to fill it, this instrument with the breath of life, his own.†(Baldwin 102) The music gives Sonny a chance to release his hopelessness and depression. Even though the narrator believes Sonny could have done more with his life if he had turned to classical music, he understands that Sonny is being true to who he really is. The anonymous brother, however, has not foundShow MoreRelatedSonnys Blues1514 Words   |  7 PagesHow does Baldwins real-life experience connect to his short story, Sonnys Blues? The writer was a poor boy growing up. He was also a Negro, so things were bad for him and his family in white America. He probably felt sad every day of his childhood so he turned to books for entertainment and maybe escape. When he started reading, he found that he liked it and wanted to create stories for other people to enjoy, but he was a poor Negro boy who could not expect help from the whites, so he taughtRead MoreSonnys Blues in Harlem896 Words   |  4 Pagesus have to struggle to make ends meet and others are born with money at their feet already. â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† opens up in Harlem with the narrator on a bus reading a newspaper learning that his brother, Sonny, has been arrested for selling heroin. Sonny’s brother takes him in after he is released from jail. However, his brother is scared if he lets him back into his home he will fall into his old ways. Sonny’s true passion in life is to become a Jazz musician but his family doesn’ t believe in what heRead MoreSonnys Blues Essay989 Words   |  4 Pages In James Baldwins, Sonnys Blues, the title itself is symbolic of the blues in the matrix of the African-American culture of music and suffering. To understand the significance of the blues, one must first define the blues, where the blues originated, and how it is related to suffering and how it is communicated in music. The American Heritage Dictionary defines blues as (1) a state of depression or melancholy, and (2) a style of jazz evolved from southern American Negro secular songs. ItRead MoreSonnys Blues1264 Words   |  6 PagesSonny s Blues A captivating tale of a relationship between two troubling brothers in Harlem, Sonny s Blues is told from the perception of Sonny s brother, whose name is never mentioned. Baldwin s choice of Sonny s brother as a narrator is what makes Sonny s Blues significant in terms of illustrating the relationship and emotional complications of Sonny and his brother. The significance of Sonny s Blues lies in the way Sonny s brother describes their relationship based on what heRead MoreJames Baldwins Sonnys Blues1418 Words   |  6 Pageselaborately broadcasted and exhibited greatly in his short story â€Å"Sonny’s Blues†. First circulated in the late fifties and then again in the mid-sixties, Sonnys Blues explains Baldwin’s reasons for his famous arguments in the arena of Black freedom, while also providing a visual bonding of his work across multiple genres, with the ways and understandings of the urban Black community. The essential and gradual progression of â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† symbolizes the measured adaptation of the narrators perceptionRead More Comparing the Blues in Hughes The Blues Im Playing and Baldwins Sonnys Blues625 Words   |  3 Pages The Blues: in Hughes The Blues Im Playing and Baldwins Sonnys Bluesnbsp;nbsp; In Langston Hughes The Blues Im Playing, the blues are the source of Oceolas life and her choices. Langston is trying to illustrate the conflict between life and art. The art in this story is represented in a confined manner, as a disciplined career with a white woman acting as the overseer in the young ladys life. Art to Oceola, with its profit, convenience and privileges offers an array of benefits, butRead MoreSonnys Blues by James Baldwin Essay775 Words   |  4 PagesSonnys Blues If you were not able to talk to anyone, nor did people want to listen to what you have to say, would that affect you? In the short story, Sonnys Blues by James Baldwin, Baldwin writes about two brothers, Sonny and the narrator, who lose communication between one another because Sonny goes to prison. The narrator, having to make a promise to their mother before her death, was to take care and watch over his young brother Sonny no matter what. This turned out not to be theRead MoreEssay about Sonnys Heroic Journey in James Baldwins Sonnys Blues2971 Words   |  12 Pagesof Sonnys Blues by James Baldwin focuses on whether a person should be conventional in making decisions for their life, or if they should follow their heart and do what is right for them. A person begins with strengths, many of which they lose along the way. At some point along their heroic journey a person may regain their strengths and develop new ones. Each phase of this journey will have an effect on them and o thers around them. According to his brother, who narrates Sonnys Blues, SonnyRead More Sonnys Blues by James Baldwin Essay1228 Words   |  5 PagesSonnys Blues by James Baldwin A captivating tale of a relationship between two troubling brothers in Harlem, Sonnys Blues is told from the perception of Sonnys brother, whose name is never mentioned. Baldwins choice of Sonnys brother as a narrator is what makes Sonnys Blues significant in terms of illustrating the relationship and emotional complications of Sonny and his brother. The significance of Sonnys Blues lies in the way Sonnys brother describes their relationship based onRead MoreDrugs and Musicians in â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† by James Baldwin Essay840 Words   |  4 PagesWhen first reading â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† by James Baldwin, it may initially seem that the relationship between musicians and drugs is synonymous. Public opinion suggests that musicians and drugs go hand and hand. The possibility lies that Sonny’s passion for jazz music is the underlying reason for his drug use, or even the world of jazz music itself brought drugs into Sonny’s life. The last stateme nt is what the narrator believes to be true. However, by delving deeper and examining the theme of music in

Challenges Come Out of the Blue free essay sample

Feeling out of place when you are entering into a new situation is par for the course, especially when it comes to high school. These feelings of being on the outside looking in intensified when during the first semester, of my first year at my new school, I had a stroke. It doesn’t happen the way Hollywood dramas would have you believe, I didn’t lose the ability to walk and fall to the ground with a sudden gasp, at least not right away; it started simply with not being able to read. During my first period English class while we finished our reading of A Scarlet Lettermy left eye lost focus, the letters shifted and they did not seem quite right but I didn’t think anything of it.Unfortunately my problems didn’t end there, by my second period I was having trouble speaking and my face began to droop the instructor felt it necessary for me to make my way to the nurse. We will write a custom essay sample on Challenges Come Out of the Blue or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page She looked me over and at first thought it was simple dehydration but within 30 minutes I had been taken to the local hospital and then rushed over to Cooks Children’s to have my care provided by a pediatric neurologist named Dr. Marks. Next came the fun part, I was diagnosed with non-hereditary hemiplegic migraines presenting with stroke like symptoms. The neurologist had me taken home for a round of in home therapy unfortunately I was soon back in the hospital due to my inability to improve my motor functions, in fact my motor functions deteriorated even further as soon I wasn’t able to get out of bed without help . So I began physical therapy, but I couldn’t help but feel hopeless as my own assessment of the situation was grim at best. Thoughts about what I would do with the rest of my life if I could no longer walk, began their ever unstoppable crawl into my conscience, and succumbing to anger both at my situation and my inability to solve my own problems began to lash out. I would ignore or yell at the people helping me and shut down around my parents. However, there was a glimmer of hope as my therapy made progress, soon I was walking with a cane rather than a walker, then the cane became a mere memory as I could finally make my way on my own. Soon after, my limp left me and my ability to move came back, with my mobility came my upbeat attitude and jovial outlook on life. Through this experience I have realized that the thoughts about my life have changed for the better, I understand what it means to roll with the punches and get back on the horse. To quote a little blue fish who simply wanted to help â€Å"Just keep swimming, just keep swimming, just keep swimming.† and speaking from experience that’s really the only thing you can do.

Sons of Liberty free essay sample

The name Sons of Liberty came from a speech given to the British parliament by Colonel Isaac Bare where he referred to the colonials as sons of liberty . The motto of the group was no taxation without representation. The groups first formed in Boston and New York City in the summer Of 1765. The leaders were mostly middle class artisans, traders, lawyers and local politicians although it is widely believed that several influential men like Samuel Adams , Benjamin Des, a printer, and John Gill of the Boston Gazette were behind the steady stream of news and opinions that ere published in the local papers .The newspapers spread the word throughout the colonies and common folk as well the educated and influential were swayed by the reports and editorials, especially those written by Samuel Adams who published under a pen name for the Boston Gazette. Within a year, there were Sons of Liberty organizations in every colony. We will write a custom essay sample on Sons of Liberty or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page One of the first well known acts of the Sons of Liberty was the hanging of a likeness of Andrew Oliver, the Distributor of Stamps for Massachusetts, in a tree on Newbury Street. The effigy had a boot with a devil coming out of it. The display was meant to establish an evil connection between Oliver and the Stamp Act .The effigy was beheaded and burned and Olivers house ransacked. Many colonists were appalled by the violence but happy that it was deterring the enforcement of the Stamp Act taxes. Many of the stamp officials fled in fear for their lives. Although the Sons of Liberty were inciting riots and violence, they continued to profess loyalty to the King during the Stamp Act crisis because most of them had a fundamental confidence in the expectation that Parliament would do the right thing and repeal the tax As emissions mounted during the late sasss and early 1 asss, chapters of the Sons of Liberty were everywhere. The intent was to stop the implementation of any of the tax acts imposed on the colonists by Britain. They did this by intimidating British officials and running them out of the cities and towns. The Sons were successful in many situations, with British officials fleeing for their lives. The most famous resistance effort was that of the Boston Tea Party in December of 1773. The Sons put out a formal declaration in New York City which formally stated their opposition to the Tea Act passed by the British parliament.The declaration said that anyone who assisted in helping to enforce the Act was an enemy to the liberties of America and that whoever shall transgress any of these resolutions, we will not deal with, or employ, or have any connection with him . To emphasize their intent, members of the Sons dressed as Indians and boarded English ships in the Boston harbor, seized tons of tea and dumped it into the water. The Sons were responsible for resistance movements against British rule in Colonial America on the eve of the Revolution, primarily against what they perceived s unfair taxation and financial limitations imposed upon them by Britain .Through the use of mob rule, tactics of fear, force, intimidation, and violence such as tar and feathering, and the stockpiling of arms, shot, and gun powder, the Sons of Liberty undermined British rule . The Sons of Liberty helped create an atmosphere of nationalism in the colonies. As the Revolutionary War came to an end, most of the groups of Sons of Liberty disbanded and evolved into more formal and qualified Committees of Safety . These committees eventually became the governing body of all of the colonies as he British were expelled. Sons of Liberty free essay sample A good citizen is some who respects others and their property. He/she is helpful and considerate, willing to put others first. He/she listens to the views of others and thinks about what they have to say. He/she helps people who are not in a position to help them. In my opinion the sons of liberty were good citizens because they fought for what was right. The sons of liberty were an underground resistance organization, that was made up of men and women (known as the daughters of liberty) from the New England colonies that protested the acts that the British government put on them.Some out rent members of the organization were Paul revere and Samuel Adams. Most of the members came from middle to upper class families, so they had money. They relied on public demonstrations to get support on their positions against the British government. Mostly nonviolent acts, such as boycotts On taxed goods. We will write a custom essay sample on Sons of Liberty or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However they were not above using violence The Sons of liberty sparked a nation into rebelling and overthrowing the government. Americans who felt oppressed by Britain cheered them on, while Loyalists to the crown didnt. In reality, they could be considered terrorists and were actually seen as such by Britain and other countries.This is because they led anarchism. The Sons of Liberty were great citizens of America, because they stood up and fought for what they wanted America to be, which was free. On the other hand, if you get technical about it, they were supposed to be citizens (or loyal) to England, so in that case, no they were not the best citizens of England. Fortunately for the Americans, the sons of liberty were there to support them. To conclude, The Sons of Liberty broke laws and did bad deeds but are considered by me as well as many to be good citizens. This is because they were on the American side and fought for what they wanted America to be free.

Free Essays on Abstract Expressionism

Abstract Expressionism Abstract Expressionism is a modern art movement that flowered in America after the Second World War and held power until the dawn of Pop Art in the1960's. With this movement New York replaced Paris as the center of the art world. Abstract Expressionism has its roots in other earlier 20th century art movements such as Cubism and Surrealism that promoted abstraction rather than representation. The psychoanalytic theories of Freud and Carl Jung provided the intellectual context in this quest for new subject matter. Abstract Expressionism is a form of art in which the artist expresses himself purely through the use of form and color. It is form of non-representational, or non-objective, art, which means that there are no concrete objects represented. This movement of abstract painting that emerged in New York City during the mid-1940s and attained singular prominence in American art in the following decade; also called action painting and the New York school. It was the first important school in American painting to declare its independence from European styles and to influence the development of art abroad. â€Å"Arshile Gorky first gave impetus to the movement. His paintings, derived at first from the art of Picasso, Mirà ³, and surrealism, became more personally expressive. Jackson Pollock's turbulent yet elegant abstract paintings, which were created by spattering paint on huge canvases placed on the floor, brought abstract expressionism before a hostile public. Willem de Kooning's first one-man show in 1948 established him as a highly influential artist. His intensely complicated abstract paintings of the 1940s were followed by images of Woman, grotesque versions of buxom womanhood, which were virtually unparalleled in the sustained savagery of their execution.† Other important artists were Hans Hofmann and Robert Motherwell. A painter such as Philip Guston and Franz Kline turned to the abstract late in... Free Essays on Abstract Expressionism Free Essays on Abstract Expressionism abstract expressionism movement in painting that emerged in New York City in the mid-1940s and attained prominence in American art in the following decade; also called action painting and the New York School. Given impetus by the work of Arshile GORKY, abstract expressionism is marked by an attention to surface qualities, i.e., brushstroke and texture; the use of huge canvases; the harnessing of accidents that occur while painting; and the glorification of the act of painting itself. The first important school in American painting to declare independence from European styles and to influence art abroad, abstract expressionism enormously affected the kinds of art that followed it, especially in the use of color and material. Major artists in the movement include Jackson POLLOCK, Willem DE KOONING, Hans HOFMANN, Robert MOTHERWELL, Franz KLINE, and Mark ROTHKO. Abstract Expressionism Abstract Expressionism, movement in mid-20th-century painting that was primarily concerned with the spontaneous assertion of the individual through the act of painting. The movement contains a variety of styles and is characterized more by the concepts behind the art than by a specific look. Generally, abstract expressionist art is without recognizable images and does not adhere to the limits of conventional form. The roots of abstract expressionism are in the totally nonfigurative work of the Russian-born painter Wassily Kandinsky and that of the surrealists (see Surrealism), who deliberately used the subconscious and spontaneity in creative activity. The arrival in New York City during World War II (1939-1945) of such avant-garde European painters as Max Ernst, Marcel Duchamp, Marc Chagall, and Yves Tanguy inspired the use of abstract expressionism among American painters in the 1940s and 1950s. American painters were also influenced by the subjective abstractions of the Armenian-born painter Arshile Gorky, who had immigrated to the United States in 1... Free Essays on Abstract Expressionism Abstract Expressionism Abstract Expressionism is a modern art movement that flowered in America after the Second World War and held power until the dawn of Pop Art in the1960's. With this movement New York replaced Paris as the center of the art world. Abstract Expressionism has its roots in other earlier 20th century art movements such as Cubism and Surrealism that promoted abstraction rather than representation. The psychoanalytic theories of Freud and Carl Jung provided the intellectual context in this quest for new subject matter. Abstract Expressionism is a form of art in which the artist expresses himself purely through the use of form and color. It is form of non-representational, or non-objective, art, which means that there are no concrete objects represented. This movement of abstract painting that emerged in New York City during the mid-1940s and attained singular prominence in American art in the following decade; also called action painting and the New York school. It was the first important school in American painting to declare its independence from European styles and to influence the development of art abroad. â€Å"Arshile Gorky first gave impetus to the movement. His paintings, derived at first from the art of Picasso, Mirà ³, and surrealism, became more personally expressive. Jackson Pollock's turbulent yet elegant abstract paintings, which were created by spattering paint on huge canvases placed on the floor, brought abstract expressionism before a hostile public. Willem de Kooning's first one-man show in 1948 established him as a highly influential artist. His intensely complicated abstract paintings of the 1940s were followed by images of Woman, grotesque versions of buxom womanhood, which were virtually unparalleled in the sustained savagery of their execution.† Other important artists were Hans Hofmann and Robert Motherwell. A painter such as Philip Guston and Franz Kline turned to the abstract late in...

Supply and Demand Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Supply and Demand - Essay Example As such, if the price change leads to an equal change in commodity demanded then that results to a uni elastic demand (Ferguson, 1972) Elastic demand refers to the demand for which the price elasticity is greater than 1. As such, if the demand elasticity is greater than 1 it means that the percent change in quantity is much higher than the percent change in price. Unit elastic demand occurs if the quantity demanded is directly proportional to the price change meaning the coefficient of elasticity is equal to 1. While inelastic demand, occurs when elasticity coefficient is less than 1. This implies that the percentage change in the amount of quantity is less than the price change. Cross price elasticity of demand is the rate of change the quantity required due to the price change of the other commodity (Gillespie, 2007). As such, when two good are substitutes, consumers tend to purchase more of one good due to increase in the other substitute. Similarly, for complementary commodities, price increase in a commodity causes a reduced demand for all goods. Moreover, cross elasticity of demand points out the sensitivity of a particular commodity to price change. For a normal good, increase in income results in an increase in the demand. This is seen as the coefficient of elasticity of N>0 (Ferguson, 1972).For an inferior, an increase in price leads to a decrease in demand. In this case, the coefficient of elasticity is N1. Notably, a superior good exhibits the same coefficient of elasticity similar to normal good. Demand

Unruly Spider Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Unruly Spider - Case Study Example The major problems lay in the fact that the subcontracted company worked with inadequate drawings and inadequate tools. There was not a clear order from the engineer and this should have been communicated more effectively. The 1 1/8-inch-diameter holes had a rough finish on the bore. The magnaflux mark was not clearly legible. The inspection department rejected it. Extra money must now be spent by Mr. Speed to get the right tools and additional labor to finish the job right. If he does not raise the price on each unit he could lose money. A. The gears that were rough cannot be repaired but they could possibly be recycled and the money received from that could go to furnishing new equipment to make the grinding operation more efficient. B. Mr. Speed could raise his price to compensate for his expenditures of over $25,000 in repairing the tooling and redo with order with finished bores. C. The old gears can be recycled to decrease the extra costs and Mr. Speed should raise his prices to compensate for the difference. D. The advantages of recycling the gears are that it will offset some of the cost and the disadvantage of this would be that the costs will not meet the total expenditures. Mr. Speed raising his price per unit could result in extinguishing his output and making him a profit. The disadvantage of this would be that the price per unit may not be economical for the customer. The best choice would be for Mr. Speed to raise his price per unit and receive his profit on the back end. The process of salvaging the rough bores is not economical because it would require the operation of expensive chrome plating. It is best to raise the price and get the necessary equipment needed to complete all future jobs efficiently.

The Significance Of The English Language English Language Essay

The Significance Of The English Language English Language Essay English language is really considered as a significant language since it has been used for communicating worldwide. Therefore, learning English is very common in many countries and language learning styles, especially reading styles are learned differently by students in globalization. More importantly, language learning styles are the core factors that help decide how the students learn a foreign language. In the article by (Rebecca, 2003), a foreign language is a language studied in an environment where it is not the major vehicle for every day communication and where input in the language is classified. In an article by Mulalic et al. (2009), students learning styles have been unnoticed as an irrelevant module in the learning process. Apparently, once lecturers become aware that different students learn various styles, they try to accommodate those learning styles in the classroom. When looking into lecturers teaching practices, it is possible to understand that the majority of the lecturers are not sensitive with their students learning styles. The problems occur when lecturers are not aware of the significance to create and explore learning styles. In second language teaching or learning situations for academic goals, especially in higher education in English universities which make far-reaching use of academic materials written in English, reading is vital. Surely, without reading proficiency, second language readers cannot achieve at levels they study. Consequently, successful reading in a second language is important. Also, professional in second language education should take into consideration with approaches which can develop the learners reading skills. Interactive approaches to reading are crucial for recognizing the complicated nature of reading, specifically when it happens in a second language and culture (Carrell, Devine Eskey, 2000). In the beginning of 1970s, researchers became aware that learning strategies, styles, and personal characteristics could have significant influence in language acquisition. Michael OMalley and Anna Chamot and their colleagues conducted a lot of learning strategies (reading, writing, speaking, listening, vocabulary, etc) and grouped them into three main categories. The first category was metacognitive strategy, which included organization, comprehension, and evaluation in gaining knowledge. The second category is cognitive strategy, which emphasized in learning assignments and its applications. The third one was socioaffective strategy, which focused on interpersonal interaction and social-mediating activity (Brown, 2000). In a globalized world, reading serves as a primary medium for information transmission and communication. Beneficially, reading improves cognitive capacity, sharpens critical thinking ability and enhances problem-solving skills, and it may even transform the development of individuals. Stanovich (1986) suggested that good readers will read more and read better while poor readers read less, and in turn obstruct further growth in reading ability. Since English language has been introduced in Cambodia, EFL students learning styles have adapted to the language acquisition. In the past students were likely to get knowledge through listening to the teachers while teachers lacked specific training about teaching methodology. In the study by (Nguyen 2001), the learning style of Cambodian students is typically memorization at the expense of realistic purpose. Consequently, they would rather learn grammar and reading than on listening and speaking. Specifically, most Cambodian learners feel more comfortable and enjoyable with having things which are written on the whiteboard in order that they can write them down and study at home. Hopefully, students hope to get handouts of summaries or lecture outlines. Furthermore, some Cambodian learners reveal that they face a lot of pressures of how to adapt the new cultural environment and how to get on with their peers in class. Some feel lonely because the ways they dress or talk are so diff erent. As for the case of EFL Cambodian classrooms, Keuk (2009), found that most teachers use practical habitual teaching methods such as vocabulary translation from second language to first language. As a result, students are taught to remember chunks of English language with mainly focused on grammar and vocabulary. 1.2 Research Problems Without recognizing proper learning styles, particularly reading styles students seem not to achieve better results in their academic performance and their English proficiency seems to be slow. Furthermore, students are less likely to improve their language acquisition very quickly, as they do not know the effective learning reading skills. In spite of the variety of academic courses which the EFL undergraduate students take in English, and the tough efforts universities and lecturers apply to develop students language skills, the students language performance, unfortunately, has been tedious. This could be recognized to the diverse learning styles and habits which are used by students in studying English, including preferring having things written on the whiteboard to listening to the lecturers explanation, nervousness of speaking in classroom, preferring working individually and personally to working in pairs or groups, and translating the words they do not know into their own lang uage while reading the text. Frequently, encountering new words in reading is common for learners, especially L2 learners. It may not obstruct the general understanding of the text, but if too many words are not known, then intellectual capacity might suffer a lot. Pedagogically, most of the lecturers practice traditional teaching method, grammar translation method form first language to second language while teaching English language. The final noticeable problem is that large classes pose some significant challenges in class room setting and reduced effectiveness of classroom management. In a study by Nuttal (1982), students learning English seem to be slow due to the fact that they do not have opportunities to read a lot. Most of the class time is devoted to learning about the language, that is learning grammar and learning to read through translation. Students are taught in a traditional way. They approach their reading assignment by putting all their effort and concentration into the passages they read. They carefully read the passage word by word. When reading and encountering an unfamiliar word, they stop reading and look up the meaning of the word in a dictionary. This reading behavior not only slows down their reading speed, but also hinders their reading comprehension. 1.3 Objectives of Study This study aims specifically to identify the learning reading of EFL undergraduate students in Cambodia. An additional aim of the research is to explore the affects and the outcomes of undergraduate students in learning reading in English as a foreign language. 1.4 Research Questions This research aims to investigate the effective factors in learning reading skills in English as a foreign language. The following research questions can be formulated for the study. Are there any differences in learning reading among Cambodian undergraduates? Is there a correlation between learning styles and learning outcomes? 1.5 Significance of Study As a part of educational development, this study is significant for four reasons. First, exploring students learning styles in reading in English in Cambodian higher education will help improve students language acquisition. Second, the study will shed light on the effective learning reading of EFL successful Cambodian undergraduates, which can be used as a model of learning reading in English. Third, this research will help to contribute to the usefulness of appropriate reading teaching and learning techniques in order to promote reading skills, particularly in EFL Cambodian context. In addition, from a methodological perception, it is also hoped that the findings from this study will be useful for providing second language reading and several strategies for reading comprehension based on Brown (2001). More importantly, the findings will help to develop the students capability of dealing with unknown words in their English vocabulary learning process, help to improve their reading c omprehension, and conduct more beneficial suggestions for both English teaching and English learning. 1.6 Definition of Terms In an attempt to better understand this study, some key terms are defined as follows. EFL students learning styles mean techniques, behaviors, actions, habits and steps employed by learners learning English as a Foreign Language to improve and develop their different language skills: speaking, listening, reading, and writing. Moreover, the term learning style refers to the general approach preferred by the student when learning a subject, acquiring a language, or dealing with a difficult problem (Oxford 2001; Reid 1998) Extensive reading refers to the improving well habitual reading, increasing knowledge of vocabulary and structure, and motivating a connecting in reading (Richard Schmidt, 2002: 193-194). 1.7 Proposed Chapter This paper will be chronologically composed of five main chapters. Chapter one is the introduction, consisting of background of the study, researcher problem, research objective, research question, significance of the study, and definition of key concepts. Chapter two is literature review, which discusses on the problems and solutions of the study. Chapter three is methodology, which consists of research design, participants, method, instruments, tools data collection, data analysis, ethnical consideration, strengths and limitation of research. Chapter four is discussion and findings, presenting the findings related to the effective learning reading skills to make students learn effectively. Chapter five is conclusion and recommendation, summarizing the problems and findings of the study and suggesting some strategies to help improve the weaknesses. Moreover, these five chapters are followed systematically by references and appendices. 1.8 Conceptual Framework Since English has become popular and international language for communicating, many learning styles are applied in a broader educational context in Cambodia. In Cambodian universities, students learning reading skills inside and outside the classroom are identified as follows: skimming and scanning, semantic mapping or clustering, previewing and predicting, strategies for reading comprehension, interactive reading model, three-part model of reading, extensive reading. Cambodian undergraduate students learning reading skills Skimming and Scanning Previewing and Predicting Strategies for Reading Comprehension Interactive Reading Model Three-part Model of Reading Extensive Reading Metacognitive Knowledge and Self Monitoring Teaching Second Language Reading Skills The Affects of Students Learning Styles and Learning Outcomes CHAPTER2 LITERATURE REVIEW Reading involves a variety of factors which may have an impact on learners reading ability. Weaver (1988) defined reading as the process of constructing meaning through the energetic interaction among the readers existing knowledge, the information recommended by the written language, and the situation in reading context. In a study by (Miller Yochum, 1991; Donnell Wood, 1999), maintained that the reading difficulties students face may be related to inaccurate knowledge of the reading process, lack interest and motivation, fluency, concept density, organization, and difficult vocabulary. Heffernan (1999) as cited in Aqel (2006), determined that many studies on language learning styles applied and gained differently base on motivation and outcome, level of language , years of learning language, teaching methods, difficult content, and students background and sex. He also added that successful language learners use various styles in learning language, and the teacher can help in increasing learning styles through teaching strategies that probably help weak students to choose the appropriate learning styles for dissimilar educational tasks. 2.1 Reading Skills 2.1.1 Skimming and Scanning In their book More Reading Power, Mikulecky Jeferies (1996) stated that skimming and scanning are the two important strategies. Skimming is high-speed reading which can save students a lot of time. Students skim to get the broad idea or gist of a text or a book, the main topic, and some of the supporting ideas. Students should read the words which help them gain the sense of the passage. Also, teachers can train students to skim passages by giving those 30 seconds to look through a few pages of material, close their books and then tell you what they learned. More importantly, there are three effective strategies for skimming: (1) Read quickly as you can; (2) keeping in mind the reason for skimming; (3) be flexible while you are skimming the passage (pp.132-133). Scanning, however, is very high-speed reading. Students should have a question in their mind when they scan the text; they do not read every word, only the words which answer the question. Practicing scanning will help students learn to skip over insignificant words in order that they can read more rapidly. For example, teachers ask students to look for names, dates, to find a definition of a key concept or to list a certain number of supporting details. For academic English, scanning is absolutely essential. In general English, scanning is important in dealing with genres like schedules, manuals, forms, etc (pp.15-16). 2.1.2 Previewing and Predicting Mikulecky et.al (1996), students should make a difference before they read. They can get some ideas about what they are going to read. As a result, they will start to process the information faster as well as they will be able to catch the ideas of the writer better. Even though it takes two or three minutes to preview and predict, those minutes are well invested. Later, they will find that they save lots of time in reading and improve comprehension. Here are the hints for previewing and predicting about language text: (1) read the title of the passage; (2) decide what sort of the text it is; (3) look at the organization of the text; (4) read very fast the first line of each paragraph or sub-division; (5) notice repeated names, numbers, dates, and words; (6) read rapidly the very last few sentences in the last paragraph. 2.1.3 Strategies for Reading Comprehension Comprehension or reading strategies show how readers conceive of a task, how they make sense of what they read, and what they do when they do not understand. In short, such strategies are processes used by the learner to improve reading comprehension and conquer comprehension failures (Singhal, 2001). In a second language study, Hosenfeld (1977) used a think-aloud procedure to identify relations between certain types of reading strategies and successful or unsuccessful second language reading. The successful reader, for instance, kept the meaning of the passage in mind while reading and skipped less important words but the unsuccessful reader lost the meaning of the sentences when decoded and seldom skipped unimportant words. In an article by Youngmee Suh (2005), one of the helpful strategies for reading comprehension is to be aware of the purpose in reading. Teachers should direct students how to get information through reading, to follow directions to do a task, for pleasure, to get in touch with friends and classmates, to know what is happening around the world, to discover out when and where things are, and for being interested about a topic. Furthermore, clear recognition of the intention in reading something is necessary for effective reading. Doing this, we know what we are finding out and we are not disturbed by other information. Consequently, it is compulsory for English reading lecturers to make sure students know their purpose in reading something. 2.1.4 Interactive reading model Whilst a reader constantly moves from a top-down approach to guess feasible meaning to bottom-up approach to prove all the details in interactive reading, interactive-compensatory model. Based on the study by Stanovich(1986), any stage functions interactively with any other stage. Readers are thought to increase the reading processes efficiently. In this model, less-automatic processes cooperate recurrently, and automatic processes activate independently. Therefore, reading difficulties are overcome by both interaction and compensation. According to Youngmee Shu (2005) stated that the reader brings information, knowledge, emotion, experience, and culture to the text. There are two types of schemata, content schemata and formal schemata. Content schemata include our knowledge about people, the world, culture, and the universe, however, formal schemata include knowledge about discourse structure such as illustration, cause-effect, or comparison are broadly studied because reading comprehension is a subject of developing proper, proficient comprehension strategies. Some of the strategies are associated with bottom-up processes and others with the top-down processes, each of which can be practically applied to classroom techniques 2.1.5 Three-part Model of Reading According to Song et.al (1999), there is a positive relationship between reading strategies and successful reading. Moreover, a reading class should be planned focusing on three-part model of reading with interactive activities. Lecturers should present different techniques to teach effectively reading in three various levels of reading, pre-reading, while- reading, and post-reading. Based on Youngmee Shu (2005) identified that In pre-reading level, schema of the text should be activated. Teachers often introduce a topic and ask questions about the text. Students skim the text for an overview of main ideas. Students tune in to the context and topic of the text and consider how the while-reading activity will be done. While-reading is for purposeful reading. Students work on certain facts or rhetorical devices to have a sense of purpose for reading 2.1.6 Extensive Reading In their book Extensive Reading in the Second Language classroom, Day and Bamford (1998) state the following characteristics for the Extensive Approach: reading as much as possible, book after book, where the meaning is the focus, students select their own readings, students cover a variety of materials and topics, students read for pleasure, information and general understanding, reading is its own reward, reading materials are within the range of the students linguistic competence, reading is individual and silent, reading speed is usually fast, reading teachers are guides and facilitators, and teachers are role models of a reader for students. This approach can be very beneficial and rewarding to student readers. Day and Bamford mention the following benefits: developing good reading habits, encouraging a liking for reading, developing structure and vocabulary, increasing general second language competence, developing automaticity, enhancing background knowledge, improving compreh ension skills, and promoting confidence and motivation. In an article by Ming-yueh Shen (2008), reading extensively is to expose students to a great amount of reading materials, enhance students reading fluency, and develop a good reading habit. 2.1.7 Metacognitive knowledge Metacognitive knowledge and self monitoring are the significant elements of fluent reading skills. Knowledge about cognition including knowledge about language, relating to identifying patterns of structure and organization, and using appropriate strategies to achieve specific goals (e.g., comprehending texts, remembering information). Connected with reading this will consist of recognizing the vital information in a text; adjusting reading rate; using context to deal with a misunderstood part; skimming portions of the text; previewing headings; pictures, and summaries; using search strategies for finding specific information; formulating questions about the information; using a dictionary; using word formation and affix information to guess word meanings; taking notes; underlining; and summarizing information. Monitoring of cognition regarding to recognizing problems with information presented in the texts or incapacity to accomplish expected aims. In addition, the ability to use me tacognitive skills successfully is broadly recognized as a critical component of reading skills. The Affects of Studentslearning Styles and Learning Outcomes Since the learning of students is likely to accomplish the better outcomes, there are some effective learning styles and strategies are applied to students learning. As stated by Youngmee shu (2005): Bottom-up models are based on text- or data-driven operations. In bottom-up processing, the letters, words and language features in the text are decoded while reading, and through this process, readers understand intensive and local meaning of the text. The reader is considered as a scientist with a magnifying glass examining the details. On the other hand, top-down models are based on meaning- or conceptually-driven operations. The reader is compared as a person with an eagles eye view of a landscape below. Schema (prior) knowledge for prediction is an important operation for a reader to understand and infer the meaning of the text. More recent research on teaching reading has shown that a combination of top-down and bottom-up processing called interactive reading is important. The interactive model suggests that the reader constructs meaning by the selective use of information from all sources of meaning (graphemic, phonemic, morphemic, syntax, semantics) without adherence to any o ne set order. The reader simultaneously uses all levels of processing even though one source of meaning can be primary at a given time. CHAPTER3 METHODOLOGY 3.1Research design Unlike the qualitative approaches, quantitative research is conducted to test the theory of natural setting (Fraenkel Wallen, 2000). Since the intent of this study significantly is to identify the differences of learning reading skills of Cambodian undergraduate students, the researcher will use a cross-sectional survey research. The researcher will explore the learning reading styles of EFL Cambodian undergraduate students. 3.2 Participants The target population in this study will be students in three private universities in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. The simple random sampling will be employed in order to obtain information. The participants will be selected through the help of table of random numbers. The sample consists of 100 students, who are studying English Literature in those universities. Also, the researcher will choose 40 female and 60 male students. Before conducting interviews, the researcher will make an appointment and notify the reasons of visit to the Rector of University. 3.3 Research instruments With the purpose of getting trustworthy information, the researcher will use written questionnaire and structured interview to obtain data from participants. The questionnaire will consist of 2 parts. In part 1, there are 42 Likert Scale items. The students will be asked to provide their responses about learning reading both inside and outside classroom. As for part 2, there are four open-ended questions, which a researcher will use to ask them to provide their answers based on their ideas. To ensure content validity, the researcher discussed the problem with the English language teachers who have had experience in teaching English. Reading test will be used to measure to outcomes of the students and questionnaire contains the common learning reading skill of students. Apart from this, interview will be utilized to get information about perception of students on a variety of students learning style. 3.4 Data collection The pilot test will be distributed to participants before conducting interview. Prior to carrying out the interviews, the researcher will ask permission from university rector and students. The researcher expects interview will take 30 minutes and occur in the universities or outside the universities. The options for selecting site for interview will be provided for the participants because it helps reduce the participants difficulties. Moreover, the study objective will be verbally informed to participants before conducting interviews. The researcher might ask different participants to answer the questions based on their preferences. The students will be asked to provide their responses about the learning reading of EFL Cambodian undergraduate students based on their ideas. 3.5 Data analysis After collecting data from the field setting, the researcher will identify any information about the number of members of participants who will not return the survey or response in any questions in order to prevent any respondent bias. The data will be carefully analyzed through SPSS in an attempt to explore scores, percentages and means of students reading skills. The scores of students will be converted into mean in order to compare students with students who use different styles of learning and their learning outcomes. 3.6 Ethical consideration To successfully conduct this study, the researcher will take into consideration about some safeguards. First, the consent form will be given to the participants to sign if they really agree to join in the study. Second, the purpose of this study will be clearly informed to participants in order to build mutual understanding and rapport. Third, the researcher will profoundly tell the participants that their participation will be voluntary and stopping from interviews will be the participants choice. Finally, the researcher will keep data collected in secret place which no one besides researcher will have access to get it. Furthermore, I will bring together the names of participants but keep them confidential. Personal identifiers will be released to the public in a way that protects the identification of participants. 3.7 Limitation of research This study is guided with the following limitations, which affect the generality of the finding. First, the study focuses three universities English students in Department of English. Second, the study may be limited in its analysis or generality as it will be conducted in three private universities, in which 100 students will be selected randomly. Third, since this study will mainly explore only important learning reading, some points might be ignored. However, the purpose of this study is not to provide the broad generalization but to explore the learning reading of Cambodian undergraduate students in three universities in Phnom Penh. Therefore, the above-mentioned compounding circumstances might limit understanding and evaluation; however, these are generally overwhelmed and controlled by the research design.

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Introduction As seen above, a large number of people live below poverty line and over one-half of these people depend on agriculture. These rural households may not be directly involved in the agricultural labor but their income sources are linked with the success of the agricultural production. They may be exposed to the financial risks following natural disasters or climate change, which affect the products of agriculture. 1. Agriculture in India and Major Risks 1.1. A review of Agriculture in India This section covers the significant government policies that aimed at the promotion of agricultural development. There were many principle changes that have been introduced since the Independence of India. At the time of Independence, the agricultural sector consisted of a stagnant backward economy with low resource availability, inadequate government support and most importantly, severe poverty. Daniel Thorner, a well-known economist remarked â€Å"India was left with perhaps the world’s most refractory problem† (ANTHONY P. D'COSTA). Land reforms were introduced as an immediate measure to deal with the skewed distribution of land and the reforms led to the abolition of intermediaries and giving land titles to farmers. Along with these reforms, the Community Development Programme was set up in 1952 (NAYAR, 1960). This programme aimed at the development of the rural people by the co-ordination of the activities related to agriculture, animal husbandry and irrigation, which was executed and evaluated by officials at district level to village level. National Extension Service was also introduced along with the Community Development Programme, which also aimed at the initiati on of rural development activities under the sponsorship of the ... ... their chances of default either by borrowing money from lenders at atrocious interest rates or by selling their assets alongside poor investment in future seasons. Therefore, yield risk is one of the most important agricultural risks. Rainfall is a major yield risk factor especially in the Indian economy, as it is heavily dependent on monsoon. A recent study has shown that there is a positive correlation between rainfall and the crop yields in rural India (Kirtti Ranjan Paltasingh, 2012). Hence, the risk is more dominant in certain regions such as arid regions when compared to high rain-fed regions. High temperature also affects plant growth and decreases the yield significantly. 1.2.2 Market/Price risk: Agriculture is subjected to many uncertainties and this even includes the price of the agricultural products. The input and output prices are volatile in nature.

Harvey Norman

Harvey Norman Holdings Limited Group case study [pic] Tutor: Dr. Mahesh Joshi Group members: JIN CHEN 3350416 MINGFENG CHI 3316768 JINGHAN REN 3365087 TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive summary3 Introduction4 Source of Finance and financial segments4 Industry and competitor analysis5 Key highlights of financial and operational performance5 Highlights and change of financial performance5 Highlight of operational performance5 Change in accounting policies6 Assets – PPE and Intangibles6 eased assets and liabilities9 Auditor and auditor report11 Reference13 Executive summary Harvey Norman Holdings Ltd, a public company, is one of the most successful retail companies in Australia. They use a unique franchise model with granting franchises to independent business operators, and there are approximately 700 franchisees in Australia. As a retailer, their products include electrical, bedding, computers & communications, bathrooms & home improvements, furniture, small appliances, carpet & floor ing and lighting.In recent years, the company has begun expanding the international market, and there are an increasing number of Harvey Norman stores in New Zealand, Ireland, Slovenia, Malaysia and Singapore. The aim of this report is to show an overview of Harvey Norman’s business based on the 2011 Annual Report of Harvey Norman. This report will mainly focus on their core business, industry, operating activities, financial performance, PPE & intangible and leased assets & liabilities. Finally, independent auditor’s report will discuss their compliance with the AASB standard.COMAPNY Introduction Being a leader in retail stores of electrical, computer, furniture, entertainment and bedding goods, Harvey Norman was founded in 1982, Australia. At first, it is only a single store which sells electrical goods and appliances; however, the opening has proved to be a great success. With more and more stores open, Harvey Norman changed its operation into superstore format at t he beginning of the 1990s. After that Harvey Norman has been expanding its business globally and keepsincreasing the diversity of its products.In the financial year of 2011, Harvey Norman has gained an after tax net profit of 252. 26 million. And this makes it to be ranked at the 126th position out of 2000 large companies in Australia. (IBIS World, 2011) Source of Finance and financial segments Harvey Norman Holding LTD generally generates its revenue from those four segments below: †¢ Franchisee: with holding 195 franchise stores in Australia, it contributes the largest part to its company’s sales revenue. This revenue is consisting of the franchise fee and interest of franchise loans.However, due to the downturn of the whole economic environment, the franchisees themselves are struggling to keep their business alive. In my opinion, it is dangerous for Harvey Norman to be too rely on the franchising revenue. †¢ Retail store: excluding the 195 franchise outlets with in Australia, the company is running 96 complexes department by the time of 30 of June 2011, which are 26 more than 2010. †¢ Property: the property income Harvey Norman LTD is mainly coming from the rental of the franchisees and some other outlets who are renting their complex. Other businesses: as a public listed company, Harvey Norman also earns a good amount of revenue from trading its listed securities. Industry and competitor analysis As the main services the company is retailing. The industry it involves would be retailing industry of computer and software, household appliances and furniture. However, as the integrating of online services and strength of Australiandollar, the retailing industry has been very much affected. Even the chairman of Harvey Norman had commented the macro-environment to be challenging and difficult.Fortunately, as introduced above, although retailing has always been the core business activity of the company, it does not constitute the major part of its financial performance. The diversity of business activities leads a multiple option of financial growth. The main competitors of Harvey Norman Holding LTD is the group of J B HI-FI, who has declared a sales revenue from 2. 73Bn to 2. 96Bn as an increase of 8. 3% (P. 2, JB HI-FI annual report 2011), compares to the increase of 9% of Harvey Norman.According to the figure,it seems Harvey Norman is doing better than J B HI-FI, but the business segment for J B HI-FI is much less diversified than Harvey Norman, therefore, J B HI-FI is actually doing better in just viewing the computer and software segment. Key highlights of financial and operational performance †¢ Highlights and change of financial performance There is no significant increase or deduction in terms of financial performance. There is a slightly downturn showing in the franchising sales revenue from 5. 9bn to 5. 08bn contributed by almost the same amount of outlets. Basic earnings per share have increased from 21 . 78c to 23. 75c whilst a decrease of 2c in dividend per share compared with 2010. After closing date of report, the company announced 7 Clive Peters and Rick Hart may close and the rest of 18 stores will be changed into Harvey Norman format. The shutdown of 7 stores is to estimate to incur a charge around $10 million in the financial report of 2012. †¢ Highlight of operational performanceA very significant key operational activity occurs after the reporting date of 2011, which is Harvey Norman, launched its online retail store in the October of 2011. The company has fully confidence in this action and believes it will make a good difference in the financial report of 2012 Change in accounting policies According to Australian Accounting Standards, a few accounting policies have been put out recently but have not yet shown its effect on the report of 2011 will result an impact on 2012. Assets – PPE and Intangibles PPE 1. The carrying amount of each class of PPE, at report ing date, of Harvey Norman a. PPEIn accounting system, property, plant and equipment are belong to tangible asset and recorded as non-current asset if they are kept for more than one year or beyond the normal cycle of the entity. According to AASB116, if the cost of an item can be measured reliably and the future benefit will flow to the entity, then the items of property, plant and equipment can be recognized as PPE. b. Each class of PPE It can be seen from the HN’s note 12 that the PPE of HN was classified into: (1) Land and Buildings; (2) Plant and Equipment; (3) Lease make good asset. And the carrying amount of each class of PPE is showed in the below table: Category |Land and buildings | Plant and Equipment ($’000) |Lease make good asset |Total | | |($’000) | |($’000) |($’000) | |Year | | | | | |2010 |230,595 |206,563 |1,875 |439,033 | |2011 |257,765 |254,714 |500 |512,479 |According to the table, the total amount of PPE was about $512 million in 2011, which was much higher than the amount of 2010 about 73 million. 2. The accounting policies relating to PPE adopted by Harvey Norman. HN used cost model, under the AASB116. 73, to disclose items on PPE that each item was measured at historical costs or deemed costs less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses. (Statement of Significant Accounting Police 1(d)(v)) The land and buildings were measured at fair value, then less the accumulated depreciation.After that, the impairment loses were recorded when the revaluation was done. Besides, the straight- line method was used to calculate the asset’s depreciation during the estimated useful life. According to AASB116. 73 (e), each class of PPE should disclose a reconciliation of the carrying amount at the beginning and end of the period, and the changes include additions, disposals, impairment and amortization. In the HN’s report, the assets’ residual values, useful lives and amortization methods were adjusted in the end of financial year.Intangible assets 1. The intangible assets reported by Harvey Norman and their composition and relevance to this company’s business. Intangible assets are usually treated as non-monetary assets without physical substance. Therefore, they must be separately stated in company’s financial statement. By following the accounting standard, HN’s intangible assets are classified into three categories: (a) Computer Software; (b) Goodwill; (c) Licence Property; Category |Computer Software ($’000) |Goodwill |Licence Property |Total | | | | |($’000) |($’000) | |Year | |($’000) | | | |2010 |23,745 |11 |473 |24,229 | |2011 |57,791 |9 |494 |58,294 |HN’s report demonstrated that there was about $58 million in intangible assets in 2011, which showed a huge increase when compared to $24 million in 2010. Besides, it is clearly showed in the table that the Computer Software took the most part of t he intangible asset 2. The accounting policies relating to Intangible Assets adopted by Harvey Norman. All the disclosed intangible assets should comply with the AASB 138. 3/4/9, and the intangible asset which has an infinite useful life cannot be amortized in the annual report, based on AASB138. 107. Furthermore, in accordance with AASB 136. 08, an entity is required to test an intangible asset with an indefinite useful life for impairment by comparing its recoverable amount with its carrying amount annually or there is an indication of impairment. In the annual report, the intangible assets of HN in its annual report consist of two parts: (a) Identifiable intangible assets:Computer Software and Licence Property (which have a finite life and are amortised using the straight-line method over the useful lifes, computer software is no greater than 7. 5 years). (b) Unidentifiable intangible assets: Goodwill which accounts for only a little proportion of its total intangible assets. Goo dwill is not amortised, but it should be tested about impairment on an annual basis). The gains or losses from both two kinds of intangible assets are measured as the difference between the net disposal amount and carrying amount. 3. The items of impaired PPE or Intangible Assets of Harvey Norman According to AASB116, under cost model, the carrying amounts of assets should be reviewed during every financial reporting period to determine whether there is impairment. An impairment gain or loss should be recognized immediately if the carrying amount is lower or higher than the recoverable amount. PPE (a) Impairment of Plant and EquipmentUnder this standard, a review of the recoverable amount of assets resulted in an impairment gain of $968,000. Intangible Assets The computer software has a finite life and is amortised over the useful life, but goodwill has an infinite life, then, it is only subject to impairment test if there is an indication of impairment. (a) Impairment of Computer S oftware Under this standard, a review of the recoverable amount of assets resulted in an impairment loss of $674,000. leased assets and liabilities The lease liabilities consist of finance leases, AASB 117 – par 11, and operation leases, AASB 117 – par 12.This paper will analyze finance leases first, and then followed by operation leases. Firstly, the detail of the finance leases, numeric disclosure required by AASB117. In 2011 are: [pic] (Annual Report 2011, p104, p105) Secondly, the detail of operating leases, numeric disclosure required by AASB 117. In 2011 are: [pic] (Annual Report 2011, p105) Finance lease receivables are reconciled to amounts receivable in respect of finance leases as follows: [pic] (Annual Report 2011, p77) According to the information illustrated in 2011 Annual report page 63, amounts due from lessees under finance leases are recorded as receivables.Finance lease receivables are primarily recognized at amounts equal to the present value of any unguaranteed residual value expected to accrue at the end of the lease term plus the minimum lease payments receivable. Finance lease payments are apportioned between reduction of the lease receivable over the term of the lease and interest revenue so that it can reflect a constant periodic rate of return on the net investment outstanding in respect of the lease (Annual Report 2011, p63). Leases where the lessor retains substantially all the rewards and risks of ownership of the asset are recognized as operating leases.Initial direct costs incurred in negotiating an operating lease are added to the carrying amount of the leased asset and recognized over the lease term on the same basis as the lease income. Operating lease payments are classified as an expense in the income statement on a straight-line basis over the lease term (Annual Report 2011, p63). Auditor and auditor report Ernst & Young is the independent auditor which is appointed to Harvey Norman Ltd. They have high reputat ion to satisfy the credible auditor requirements. We can find the auditor’s opinion on page 140 of annual report.According to the content in the auditor’s report and opinion issued by the auditor. This annual report is definitely an unqualified report because the auditor claims in their report that the financial report of Harvey Norman Ltd complies the Corporations Act 2001 and Australian Accounting Standards by giving a true and fair view of the company’s financial position. The financial report is also in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards. An unqualified opinion also represents that any differences between management and auditor with accounting matters have been resolved to the auditor’s satisfaction.Conclusion This report states a lot of important information about the business performance of Harvey Norman, which can be compared with competitors and within the retail market. As one of the most successful retail companies in Au stralia, Harvey Norman’s core business include leasing properties, granting franchises to independent business operators who retail all kinds of products for home and office. In the financial year of 2011, Harvey Norman has gained an after tax net profit of 252. 26 million. Its financial statements complied with the accounting standards and the accounting methods were generally discussed.PPE and Intangible assets were also explained to associate with all the related requirements of AASB involving their disclosures. Moreover, the company followed the Corporations Act as well as International Financial Reporting Standards, and disclosed all the information required, which can be proved by unqualified auditor report issued by Ernst& Young. All the information given by 2011 Annual report can be relied by public to make decision on general purpose. Reference Harvey Norman Holdings Ltd, IBIS World (2011) Harvey Norman Holdings Ltd-Premium Company Report Australia, viewed 20 August 2012,J B HIFI, J B HIFI (2011) J B HIFI ANNUAL REPORT 2011 P. 2, viewed 20 August 2012, < http://www. jbhifi. com. au/documents/reports/110_2011-09-09_4-04-34. pdf> Harvey Norman Holdings Limited, Harvey Norman Holdings Limited Australian Packaging Covenant Action Plan 2010 – 2015 Revised March 2012, viewed 23 August 2012, Harvey Norman Holdings Limited, Company Profile, viewed 23 August 2012, Australian Standard Aboard, AASB 116, 117, 136, 138 2011 Accounting standards, viewed 23 August 2012, Harvey Norman Holdings Limited, Annual report 2011, p63, p77, p104, p105, viewed 22 August 2012,