The Canadian And Us Banking System Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3733 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Compare and contrast essay Did you like this example? The Canadian banking system began as a nationwide system, which encompassed a miniscule number of banks with numerous branches and allowed for diversification on a larger level. In contrast, American banks were prohibited from nationwide branch banking and from diversifying their portfolios. Many Canadian and American observers have come to view the two systems as distinct and believe that stability is a valid reason as to why the American system should adopt a nationwide banking system as well. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Canadian And Us Banking System Finance Essay" essay for you Create order While the Canadian Banking system has proven to be economically stable, it is associated with high barriers to entry and a costly charter that holds an excessive amount of economic power. Regardless of their distinct government regulations and differing response to situations brought about by financial crises, there has been little attempt to compare both systems over a long period. This paper will examine the differences between the United States and the Canadian banking systems. In particular, it will discuss the forces, which spurned the creation of these economic entities; as well as evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of each system to stand firmly during periods of economic depression. Early banking in Canada suffered from the rippling effects of the Mississippi and South Seas Bubble, which convinced Canadians that paper currency was worthless and could not be trusted. As discussed in class, prior to 1763 paper money issued by the French government in Quebec was not valued; the fall of Quebec in 1759 pushed the situation over top. Staying true to their nature, British aristocrats and seigneurs in Quebec were intolerant of merchants and traders alike and were uninterested in finance or trade.Canada demonstrated little interest towards the idea of a central bank for the half of the 19th century following Confederation. Before Confederation, branch banks were established with little funds and very little skill than required for independent banks. Branch banks served the nations needs for more than a century and Chartered banks printed money required for circulation and met the needs of seasonal or unpredictable demand. The new Dominion Government was granted authority over banking, currency, interest and other related matters under the British North America Act of 1867. A comprehensive act was drafted to replace the expired bank charters of the four original provinces in 1871. The Minister of Finance John Rose, under the Macdonald government, desired a banking system that mirrored the American free banking system. Such a system would allow provinces to hold more power than the federal government, something Macdonald did not want. According to Joe Martin The political goal was financial stability, and the managerial challenge was to create the institutional and regulatory framework to carry it out. (Martin, 2011, p. 22) The first bank of United States - championed by Alexander Hamilton in 1791 in Philadelphia and was built on the view that in order to have a prosperous and powerful nation, an established banking system was necessary. The structure mirrored that of the bank of England and served as both a commercial and central bank. The establishment of the first bank was significant as it served as a model for the Canadian Banking System and mimicked each word and section of the from the banks charter. The constitution on 1787 failed to address whether banking was governed under federal or provincial legislation; this eventually became the deciding factor between the American and Canadian banking system. The constitution did address the right to issue and regulate silver and gold coinage to the Federal government but specifically prohibited the printing and circulation of paper money. The agrarian forces aligned against Hamilton were bankers in New York and Boston who were against the location of t he bank and were suspicious of the northeast elite. Thomas Jefferson was particularly against the notion of a bank and preferred that the United States refrain from navigation or commerce. (Martin, 2011, p. 27) Apart from incorporating the First bank of the U.S., the act also provided a route the government utilize to retain control of the state charted banks. When Jefferson and his supporters came into power, they refused to renew the bank charter in 1811, partly because the bank had accomplished so much. The Second bank of the United States was established in 1816, but was allowed to die after its twenty-year charter had expired. With the absence of a central bank, Americans failed to inject liquidity into the banking system and in turn, failed to combat the economic crisis of the early 1900s. At the time, J.P Morgan, one of the leading financiers of the Era, took on the role of the central bank and single-handedly rescued the nation. Jefferson and his supporters established the F ederal Reserve in 1913 after realizing that a country with such a large economy would not stand on its own without a central bank. According to author Charles Freedman, the Canadian financial system was constructed around five principal pillars: trust and loan companies, the co-operative credit movement, life insurance, securities dealers and chartered banks. (Freedman, 1998) These pillars were characterized by core business activities and government jurisdiction, under which they were incorporated and supervised. Additionally, different institutional types were traditionally separated by functionality, which increased penetration into each others primary focus of business. Trust and loan institutions tend to specialize in residential mortgages and term deposits, whereas Canadian life insurance companies were headed by the federal jurisdiction; meaning that they invested the proceeds of life-insurance in mortgage portfolios and financial assets, such as bonds and equities. (Freedman, 1998) On the other hand, Canadian securities dealers operated under the jurisdiction of provincial legislation. Incorporated and s upervised under federal legislation, Canadas chartered banks remained the dominant deposit taking institution with long involvement in commercial lending. Another major difference between the Canadian and U.S banking system encompasses the sunset clause. The sunset clause is clause that requires the Canadian government to conduct periodic assessments and updates of laws governing its banking system. This re-assessment done once every decade, builds on the present Act by improving the framework to ensure that the objectives of promoting competition more efficiently and effectively are met. (OECD Economic Surveys, 2010) The Sunset Clause gave birth to important legislative amendments in 1980, 1987, 1992, 1997, and 2002. (Allen and Engart, 2007) Consequently, this has led to the creation of more diversified and market oriented activities on the part of Canadian Banks, such as the entry of foreign banks into Canada. Initially, entry by foreign markets into Canada was limited by strict regulations. By allowing foreign banks into Canada, there would be a requirement to implement new regulations and procedures, which may be misaligned with Ca nadas system. This is a distinct phenomenon particularly because a safe and efficient financial system is important for the development and longer-run growth of the economy. (Allen and Engart, 2007) A third distinction in the Canadian banking system is the lack of interest rates on deposits. In Canadian banks, there was an absence of ceiling on interest rates and deposits as well as the elimination of ceiling rates on loans. Having established controls on interest rates, any financial deposits into the United States banking system escaped. As Canadian banks did not have such controls, any deposits made toward the Canadian financial system remained within the country. By the twenty first century, the amount of U.S debt financed outside the country outweighed the internal debt within the traditional financial system. Majority of financing which spawned from short-term deposits could easily turn tail and flee at the first sign of deteriorating investor confidence. (Doren, 2011) The United States has restrictions on the rates of interests that could be paid on deposits. According to Bordo, Rockoff and Reddish, although working to increase profit rates , U.S banks were made sensitive to the dangers of losing deposits when market rates rose which forced them to maintain more reserves. (Bordo, Redish Rokoff, 1994) The low risk of failure in Canada made it possible for the Canadian banks to hold smaller amounts of non-interest bearing assets and to precede to higher asset equity ratios. In addition, Canadian mortgages have fixed rates for a maximum of only five years thus eliminating the problems inherent in linking shorter-term deposits with long term loans. (Doren, 2011) In essence, interest rates paid on deposits were generally higher in Canada, interest income received on securities was slightly higher, interest rates charged on loans were similar and net rates of return to equity were higher in Canada than in the United States. (Bordo, Redish Rokoff, 1994) In contrast, the United States banking system has been fragmented for most of its history; directly pertaining to a Supreme Court case in 1839, which restricted the establishment of bank branches across America. This fragmentation did not support the needs of national corporations or industrialization and was instead reinforced by unregulated financial and commercial paper markets. There are numerous issues surrounding the United States and the limitations surrounding its nationwide banking arrangement. The first reason concerns the fragility of individual banks, in that their portfolios were too small and lacked diversity. This made it difficult to transfer funds across the country. As a result, the system would usually fail during difficult economic times when rural banks attempted to protect themselves by withdrawing funds from their correspondents, which would in turn discourage the crisis. Prior to World War I, the United States experiences major economic crises. These occurrenc es were essentially accredited to the usage of reserved holdings and heavy reliance on securities market to finance investments. (Bordo, Redish and Rokoff, 2008) In the nineteenth century, many communities in the United States became one-bank or few-bank towns because of branching restrictions and consequently, charged monopoly loan rates. (Bordo, Redish and Rokoff, 1994) This was a disadvantage to customers because of the higher costs association. On the other hand, the individual banks were benefiting large sums of money from its inefficient banking arrangement. The nation was in dire need for branch banking arrangements particularly in the interest of the consumers. Both the legislative and regulatory environment heavily influences the banking structure of Canada and the U.S. These characteristics play a part in determining the efficiency and stability of a banking system; in fact, from the 1920s to the 1980s many economists argue that Canadas banking system was more proficient in both stability and efficiency when compared to the United States. This belief was largely due to the prohibition of nationwide (interstate) branch banking in the U.S., which has destroyed the nations ability to successfully combat major issues without experiencing bank failures.ÂÂ   Tailored to nationwide service Canadian banks proceeded to establish an oligopolistic financial system with limited entry. Because of this, Canadian broker-dealer and securities market systems were limited in expansion, as banks possessed the financials capable of sustaining industrial development. Although many economists refer to the mid-1800s as a period of free banking in the U.S, this is somewhat of a misnomer, as the reference was less literal and more towards several banking systems founded on free banking regulations. Banks were prohibited from establishing branch networks and had to either purchase or yield eligible securities from banking authorities in order to secure notes. The depreciation of securities, including authorized government bonds were deemed the source of bank failures during this period. This restriction on nationwide branch banking gave way to discounted bank notes at fluctuating rates the further they travelled from their sources. In summary, the defective banks and their supply of paper money proved the imminent danger of unauthorized and romantic ideas of regulation. Current regulation outlined by the McFadden Act of 1927, the Banking Act of 1933 and the Bank Holding Act of 1956 permits individual states to create its own policies regarding the allowance of outer state banks to operate within its borders. Prior to the 1907, as a contingency tool branch banking was used to minimize the occurrence of future economic downturns but lost to the establishment of a central bank. The 1907 post-panic debate involved three distinct parties: New York banks, Midwestern city banks and country banks; of these three groups, only the Midwestern banks were in favor of positive structural reform. (Horowitz Selgin, 1987) This group dominated the American Banking Association (ABA) and proposed deregulation through reform and interstate branch banking. The goal of New York banks was to maintain the status quo and aimed to accomplish this by preventing a transfer of power to midwestern banks. On the other hand, country banks were adamant on prohibiting any branch ban king scheme that would have them competing with the city banks; in turn they ironically aligned themselves with Wall Street which preened any reform actions proposed by the ABA. Supporters of branch banking promoted economists and authors who believed that the panic of 1907 was preventable if interstate banking was allowed. Many highlighted the successful avoidance of crises in Canadian systems, where nationwide banking was encouraged. Thought regulations approved in 1913 favored Federal Reserve Banks, central banking was a compromise erected in response to the New York banks desire for continued hegemony. (Horowitz Selgin, 1987) This became evident when the depression of the 1930s unveiled the instability of the banking system. In 1933, during a nationwide commercial bank failure and the Great Depression Senator Carter Glass and Representative Henry SteagallÂÂ  championed the Glass- Steagall Act. (ValueClick Inc, 2003) This act divided and forestalled commercial and investment banking activities in order to prevent future economic crises. During this period, the stock market crashed due to improper banking activities carried out by commercial banks and their excessive involvement in the stock market. Commercial banks became greedy and took big risks by investing large amounts of capital into assets; buying new issues and reselling them to the public. Banks granted fallacious loans to companies with which they owned a stake and clients were encouraged to invest in those stocks. As a solution, a regulatory firewall was established, separating commercial and investment banks by controlling their activities. Banks had to make a choice between specializing in commercial or investment banking and only ten pe rcent of commercial banks total income could stem from securities. (ValueClick Inc, 2003) Directly targeted and forced to reduce their services, numerous financial giants such as J.P Morgan and Company, lost their main source of income. Over a period of extended prosperity in the early 1900s, a significant percentage of unit banks failed due to declining agriculture prices. Although Canada practiced branch banking and its financial structure for commercial banking mirrored that of the United States, the nation did not encounter significant bank failures. Glass eventually concluded that little banks were hazardous to stable banking and contributed to the condemnation of depositors. Glass also desired an integrated banking system supervised by the Federal Reserve and claimed that the dual system (shared by state and federal authorities) was an abomination to the nation. As part of Federal Reserve Act, all national banks were required to become members of the Federal Reserve System, wh ereas commercial banks had the option to join in or opt out. (Wessel, 2009, p. 97) This was to minimize the competing views of regulators governing the affiliated and unaffiliated banks. In addition, the Act was delayed until Glass adjusted the legislation to prohibit nationwide branch banking within states that encourage this. Proposals made by larger banks were considered attempts to sabotage the state banking system that provided financial services to small towns. This resulted from the anxiety to preserve the dual banking system between the state and federal authorities. Unfortunately, these small towns accounted for ninety percent of failures in the U.S and deposit insurance arose as a hasty alternative to branch banking, which would ensure the safety of the banking system. (Wessel, 2009, p. 50) Deposit insurance was not a new concept and had been around since the panic in 1907; however, in each case problems quickly arose following its introduction to several states. First, by asking banks to deposit their assets into a fund, an incentive problem emerged. Banks began to hold more risky portfolios because they held only a fraction of risks contributing to failures. Second, deposit insurance could contribute very little to save banks when the economy took a turn for the worst. Despite the negativity ass ociated with deposit insurance plans, unit banks claim that there is a possibility for effectiveness when handled properly. Now that we have highlighted several differences within each system and discussed the forces behind this historic establishment, we will now examine the efficiency and effectiveness of both systems to combat economic depression and inflation. As previously mentioned, the structures of both the United States and Canadian banking systems substantially differ. However, an efficient banking system is important in order to maintain long-term growth and productivity within the economy. The Canadian banking system has remained relative stabile throughout history despite the concentration of the overall banking industry. In contrast, the relative fragmentation historically rooted in the United States banking industry, has led to a sharp decline of commercial banks by approximately forty five percent over the last eighty-five years. (Mayer, 2004, p. 57) However, the fact that the United States is more market concentrated than Canada, means that U.S banks do not heavily influence the nations f inancial industry. There are numerous opinions on both the economic and political reasons, some generally shared, about why the financial crisis occurred. Governments failed to properly regulate markets and minimize a financial meltdown. Many observers suggested that various government policies aided the emergence of the crisis and credits fours main factors to this: (1) accessibility of credit resulting from artificially low rates, (2) government policies favored housing and in turn prompted subprime risk-taking, (3) government regulations related to corporate policies in large financial institutions and (4) failure to supervise the economy. (Roberge, 2010) Like other countries, Canada was impacted on some level by the global financial crisis over the past few years. Thanks to the equilibrium of systems within the financial service sector and the nature of its policies, Canada managed to emerge in good shape. As mentioned earlier, Canada financial structure is divided into several jurisdictions. The Federal government is in charge of banks; securities and investment firms as well as trust companies are under provincial authority; insurance is governed by both jurisdictions. The late 1900s and onwards brought with it drastic change to the Canadian system. A system once operated according to pillars was dismantled in 1987, allowing banks to own firms in investment, insurance and trust. As a result, large five banks dominated across all pillars due to changed policies. Under federal jurisdiction, there was a simultaneous centralization of political, supervisory and regulatory authority within Canadian banks. (Roberge, 2010) The 1980s witne ssed the last bank failure in Canada and the system has remained stable ever since, thanks to the oligopolistic banking system in Canada. Canadas response to this crisis was threefold. First, both definitive and pragmatic measures were established to ease the credit crunch. The government purchased $125,000,000 worth of mortgage bonds to increase their lending capacity. Second, the Federal government amended the Bank Act of Canada, which provided banks more power to manage the financial crises. Regulating investment contracts with guaranteed rates and guarantying investors that no money would be lost on their assets, was also part of the effort. Third, the Canadian government seized the opportunity and established a national securities board. Canada remained under control whereas other countries, such as the U.S., required major bailouts. Canadas resilience to this event is largely attributed to the structure and workings of their policy network within the financial sector. This policy networks mode of operation in the financial sector has remained generally small and obstinate, despite the networks expansion. The Fina ncial Institutions Supervisory Committee (FISC) is compromised of all important government personnel and ensures that lines of communication that exist across sectors remain clear. The Canadian system has one potential weakness, the absence of a definite authoritative figure overlooking the stability of the financial services sector. The tenacity of the Canadas policy network becomes increasingly evident when compared to the United States. Because of such cohesiveness and stability Canadas only experience with controls occurred in the late 1970s as a response to relatively high inflation rates. Controls are any type of government policy, which influences the overall pricing and wage structure in the economy. These controls place extensive restrictions on the maximum rate of which wages and prices can increase during various periods. Two characteristics that distinguish price controls from other types of government controls are: (1) these policies are adopted for the sole purpose of controlling inflation, not to accomplish economic efficiency or equity; (2) they influence numerous economic sectors rather than focusing on primarily one market. The anti-inflation act created by the Federal government spelled out a three-year control system. (Wirick, 2012) Firms with 500 plus employees were restricted by wage guidelines; these guidelines also applied to federal as well as a majority of public-sector employees. Price restri ction and cost markups were restricted by controls placed on large corporations. Overall, the controls program helped to restrict high inflation and keep it below certain levels. The historic background of Wall Street has demonstrated the obscure relationship between the government and the financial markets in the U.S., particularly the relationship between Washington and Wall Street. With division among regulatory and supervisory authority, an opportunity to pit one regulator against another showed itself. Following the Wall Street Crash of October, 1929, the United States entered into, what is now called The Great Depression. This period was marked by a series of bank failures and high unemployment, reaching as high as 25% in 1932. (Woodward, 2000, p. 72) In response to this great economic crisis, the newly elected Roosevelt administration began The New Deal, a series of economic programs, reforms, and regulations enacted between 1933 and 1938. Some of these programs included the Social Security Act, the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, which provided millions of dollars in relief operations, and the Works Progress Administration, which made the fed eral government the single largest employer at the time. The bursting of the U.S. housing bubble in 2006 and current ongoing global recession has led to the worst financial crisis in the United States since The Great Depression. Under the Bush administration, the United States government issued a limited bailout of the housing market, giving out close to a trillion dollars in loans with over half going to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. (Wessel, 2009, p. 178) Moreover, the United States has experienced a recessionary period every twenty years

The Survival Rates Of Breast Cancer - 1373 Words

Breast Cancer is the most common misfortune in women and second leading cause of death by cancer. Today, woman with breast cancer have a 90% chance of surviving for five years post-diagnosis. However, African American women have a national survival rate of 79%. Socioeconomic barriers and lack of access to health services have crippled African American women in breast cancer advancements. Studies have show that African American women tend to be diagnosed with a higher-stage of cancer because of the delay of being tested until it is late in the stage. African American women in contrast to their white counterparts generally have a more aggressive stage of breast cancer and therefore a shorter survival rate. These startling statistics bring†¦show more content†¦Much advancement has been made for the treatment of breast cancer, yet the object of the matter is its utilization. â€Å" Lack of recommendation for screening mammography, poor access to health care and cultural beliefs discouraging women from seeking care for a potential breast problem have each been linked to disparate breast cancer outcomes between African American and White women.† (American Association for Cancer Research) Even though race-based disparities have been explored in breast cancer outcomes, direct evidence linking these disparities to social injustice is deficient. Few studies have been reported examining the correlation between breast cancer disparities and racial discrimination. Yet, there are evident reasons to suspect that racial prejudice contributes to the African American disparities in breast cancer mortality. Studies have suggested that social injustice maybe be linked to unequal access of breast cancer treatment. Caplan et al. reported that, â€Å"African American women had greater difficulty scheduling follow-up appointments than did White women, which resulted in delays in breast cancer diagnosis.† (AACR) This utilization of treatments illustrates a drasti c and distant mortality rate overtime between White and African American women.

Sterilization Of Water Using Bleaching Powder free essay sample

STERILIZATION OF WATER USING BLEACHING POWDER A CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY PROjECT ANSHUL KUMAR PANDEY XII B [THIS PROJECT LOOKS AT THE TECHNIQUE CALLED STERILIZATION OF WATER USING BLEACHING POWDER WHICH IS USED TO PURIFY WATER AND MAKES IT FIT FOR DRINKING. ] INDEX I. Introduction -Need of Water -Purification of Water -Need for a stable purification technique II. Theory -History of Water purification -Bleaching powder and its preparation -Use of Bleaching powder in Sterilization of water III. Experiment -Aim -Pre-Requisite Knowledge -Requirements -Procedure IV. Result V. Bibliography I. Introduction Need of water Water is an important and essential ingredient in our quest for survival on this planet. It is very essential for carrying out various metabolic processes in our body and also to carry out Hemoglobin throughout the body. A daily average of 1 gallon per man is sufficient for drinking and cooking purposes. A horse, bullock, or mule drinks about 11 gallons at a time. standing up, an average allowance of 5 gallons should be given for a man, and 10 gallons for a horse or a camel. An elephant drinks 25 gallons, each mule or ox drinks 6 to 8 gallons, each sheep or pig 6 to 8 pints. These are minimum quantities. One cubic foot of water = 6 gallons (a gallon = 10 lbs. ). In order to fulfill such a huge demand of water, it needs to be purified and supplied in a orderly and systematic way. But with the increasing world population, the demand for drinking water has also increased dramatically and therefore it is very essential to identify resources of water from which we can use water for drinking purposes. Many available resources of water do not have it in drinkable form. Either the water contains excess of Calcium or Magnesium salts or any other organic impurity or it simply contains foreign particles which make it unfit and unsafe for Drinking. Purification of Water There are many methods for the purification of water. Some of them are: 1. Boiling 2. Filtration 3. Bleaching powder treatment 4. SODIS (Solar Water Disinfection) And the list goes on†¦. Boiling is perhaps the most commonly used water purification technique in use today. While in normal households it is an efficient technique; it cannot be used for industrial and large scale purposes. It is because in normal households, the water to be purified is very small in quantity and hence the water loss due to evaporation is almost negligible. But in Industrial or large scale purification of water the water loss due to evaporation will be quite high and the amount of purified water obtained will be very less. Filtration is also used for removing foreign particles from water. One major drawback of this purification process is that it cannot be used for removing foreign chemicals and impurities that are miscible with water. SODIS or Solar Water Disinfection is recommended by the United Nations for disinfection of water using soft drink bottles, sunlight, and a black surface– at least in hot nations with regularly intense sunlight. Water-filled transparent bottles placed in a horizontal position atop a flat surface in strong sunlight for around five hours will kill microbes in the water. The process is made even more safe and effective if the bottom half of the bottle or the surface it’s lying on is blackened, and/or the flat surface is made of plastic or metal. It’s the combination of heat and ultraviolet light which kills the organisms. The major drawback of this purification technique is that it cannot be used in countries with cold weather. Also, the time consumed for Purification process is more and it also needs a ‘blackened’ surface, much like solar cookers. Need for a stable purification technique Therefore we need a purification technique which can be used anytime and anywhere, does not require the use of any third party content and which is also economically feasible on both normal scale and large scale. Hence we look at the method of purification of water using the technique of treatment by bleaching powder commonly known as â€Å"Chlorination†. II. Theory History of water purification in different parts of the world. In 1854 it was discovered that a cholera epidemic spread through water. The outbreak seemed less severe in areas where sand filters were installed. British scientist John Snow found that the direct cause of the outbreak was water pump contamination by sewage water. He applied chlorine to purify the water, and this paved the way for water disinfection. Since the water in the pump had tasted and smelled normal, the conclusion was finally drawn that good taste and smell alone do not guarantee safe drinking water. This discovery led to governments starting to install municipal water filters (sand filters and chlorination), and hence the first government regulation of public water. In the 1890s America started building large sand filters to protect public health. These turned out to be a success. Instead of slow sand filtration, rapid sand filtration was now applied. Filter capacity was improved by cleaning it with powerful jet steam. Subsequently, Dr. Fuller found that rapid sand filtration worked much better when it was preceded by coagulation and sedimentation techniques. Meanwhile, such waterborne illnesses as cholera and typhoid became less and less common as water chlorination won terrain throughout the world. But the victory obtained by the invention of chlorination did not last long. After some time the negative effects of this element were discovered. Chlorine vaporizes much faster than water, and it was linked to the aggravation and cause of respiratory disease. Water experts started looking for alternative water disinfectants. In 1902 calcium hypo chlorite and ferric chloride were mixed in a drinking water supply in Belgium, resulting in both coagulation and disinfection. The treatment and distribution of water for safe use is one of the greatest achievements of the twentieth century. Before cities began routinely treating drinking water with chlorine (starting with Chicago and Jersey City in US in 1908), cholera, typhoid fever, dysentery and hepatitis A killed thousands of U. S. residents annually. Drinking water chlorination and filtration have helped to virtually eliminate these diseases in the U. S. and other developed countries. Meeting the goal of clean, safe drinking water requires a multi-barrier approach that includes: protecting source water from contamination, appropriately treating raw water, and ensuring safe distribution of treated water to consumers’ taps. During the treatment process, chlorine is added to drinking water as elemental chlorine (chlorine gas), sodium hypochlorite solution or dry calcium hypochlorite. When applied to water, each of these forms â€Å"free chlorine,† which destroys pathogenic (disease-causing) organisms. Almost all systems that disinfect their water use some type of chlorine-based process, either alone or in combination with other disinfectants. In addition to controlling disease-causing organisms, chlorination offers a number of benefits including: Reduces many disagreeable tastes and odors Eliminates slime bacteria, molds and algae that commonly grow in water supply reservoirs, on the walls of water mains and in storage tanks Removes chemical compounds that have unpleasant tastes and hinder disinfection and Helps remove iron and manganese from raw water. As importantly, only chlorine-based chemicals provide â€Å"residual disinfectant† levels that prevent microbial re-growth and help protect treated water throughout the distribution system. For more than a century, the safety of drinking water supplies has been greatly improved by the addition of bleaching powder. Disinfecting our drinking water ensures it is free of the microorganisms that can cause serious and life-threatening diseases, such as cholera and typhoid fever. To this day, bleaching powder remains the most commonly used drinking water disinfectant, and the disinfectant for which we have the most scientific information. Bleaching powder is added as part of the drinking water treatment process. However, bleaching powder also reacts with the organic matter, naturally present in water, such as decaying leaves. This chemical reaction forms a group of chemicals known as disinfection by-products. Current scientific data shows that the benefits of bleaching our drinking water (less disease) are much greater than any health risks from THMs and other by-products. Although other disinfectants are available, bleaching powder remains the choice of water treatment experts. When used with modern water filtration methods, chlorine is effective against virtually all microorganisms. Bleaching powder is easy to apply and small amounts of the chemical remain in the water as it travels in the distribution system from the treatment plant to the consumer’s tap, this level of effectiveness ensures that microorganisms cannot recontaminate the water after it leaves the treatment. But what is bleaching powder and how is it prepared? Bleaching powder or Calcium hypochlorite is a chemical compound with formula Ca(ClO) 2. It is widely used for water treatment and as a bleaching agent bleaching powder). This chemical is considered to be relatively stable and has greater available chlorine than sodium hypochlorite (liquid bleach). It is prepared by either calcium process or sodium process. Calcium Process 2 Ca(OH)2 + 2 Cl2 Ca(ClO)2 + CaCl2 + 2 H2O Sodium Process 2 Ca(OH)2 + 3 Cl2 + 2 NaOH Ca(ClO)2 + CaCl2 + 2 H2O + 2 NaCl But how can this chemical be used to sterilize water? This chemical can be used for sterilizing water by Using 5 drops of bleach per each half gallon of water to be purified, and allowing it to sit undisturbed for half an hour to make it safe for drinking. Letting it sit several hours more will help reduce the chlorine taste, as the chlorine will slowly evaporate out. A different reference advises when using household bleach for purification; add a single drop of bleach per quart of water which is visibly clear, or three drops per quart of water where the water is NOT visibly clear. Then allow the water to sit undisturbed for half an hour. What are the actual processes involved in disinfecting and purifying water? The combination of following processes is used for municipal drinking water treatment worldwide: 1. Pre-chlorination – for algae control and arresting any biological growth 2. Aeration – along with pre-chlorination for removal of dissolved iron and manganese 3. Coagulation – for flocculation 4. Coagulant aids also known as polyelectrolyte’s – to improve coagulation and for thicker floc formation 5. Sedimentation – for solids separation, that is, removal of suspended solids trapped in the floc 6. Filtration – for removal of carried over floc 7. Disinfection – for killing bacteria Out of these processes, the role of Bleaching powder is only in the last step i. e. for Disinfection of water. III. Experiment Aim To Determine the dosage of bleaching powder required for sterilization or disinfection of different samples of water. Requirements Burette, titration flask, 100ml graduated cylinder, 250ml measuring flask, weight box, glazed tile, glass wool. Bleaching Powder, Glass wool, 0. 1 N Na2S2O3 solution, 10% KI solution, different samples of water, starch solution. Pre-Requisite Knowledge 1. A known mass of the given sample of bleaching powder is dissolved in water to prepare a solution of known concentration. This solution contains dissolved chlorine, liberated by the action of bleaching powder with water. CaOCl2+H20 I Ca(OH)2+Cl2 2. The amount of Chlorine present in the above solution is determined by treating a known volume of the above solution with excess of 10% potassium iodide solution, when equivalent amount of Iodine is liberated. The Iodine, thus liberated is then estimated by titrating it against a standard solution of Sodium thiosulphate, using starch solution as indicator. Cl2+2KI i 2KCl+I2 I2+2Na2S2O3 i Na2S4O6+2NaI A known Volume of one of the given samples of water is treated with a known volume of bleaching powder solution. The amount of residual chlorine is determined by adding excess potassium iodide solution and then titrating against standard sodium thiosulphate solution. From the readings in 2 and 3, the amount of chlorine and hence bleaching powder required for the disinfection of a given volume of the given sample of water can be calculated. Procedure 1. Preparation of bleaching powder solution. Weigh accurately 2. 5g of the given sample of bleaching powder and transfer it to a 250ml conical flask. Add about 100-150ml of distilled water. Stopper the flask and shake it vigorously. The suspension thus obtained is filtered through glass wool and the filtrate is diluted with water (in a measuring flask) to make the volume 250ml. The solution obtained is 1% bleaching powder solution. 2. Take 20ml of bleaching powder solution in a stoppered conical flask and add it to 20ml of 10% KI solution. Stopper the flask and shake it vigorously. Titrate this solution against 0. 1N Na2S2O3 solution taken in the burette. When the solution in the conical flask becomes light yellow in color, add about 2ml starch solution. The solution now becomes blue in color. Continue titrating till the blue color just disappears. Repeat the titration to get a set of three concordant readings. 3. Take 100ml of the water sample in a 250ml stoppered conical flask and add it to 10ml of bleching powder solution. Then add 20ml of KI solution and stopper the flask. Shake vigorously and titrate against 0. 1N Na2S2O3 solution using starch solution as indicator as described in step 2. 4. Repeat the step 3 with other samples of water and record the observations.

Ludwig Van Beethoven free essay sample

1770-1827 Musicis the go-between between the religious and the animal life. Braunvon Braunthal met him in an hostel a twelvemonth subsequently ( 1826 ) . Beethoven was sitting in acorner with closed eyes, smoking a long pipe a wont which grew on him moreand more as he approached decease. A friend spoke to him. He smiled unhappily, drewfrom his pocket a small note-tablet, and in a thin voice which oftensounded chapped notes, asked him to compose down his petition? RomainRolland Beethoven He had a life full of agony andcalamity? Hewas a boy of nature, intended to love and to be loved? Thepower, the Jupiter Tonans, Prometheus of Music? Boardshoulders, athletic physique organic structure, ever really disheveled wild black hair,melancholically sad eyes. Shakespearian King Leer Beethovenwas a maestro symphonist the maestro symphonist in the eyes of most instrumentalistsand hearers. His composings for orchestra were radical in his twenty-four hours ;while he adhered to Classical musical signifiers, his tunes and orchestrationwere of such unprecedented power and beauty that they astonished even the mosthardened hearers. Oneof his the most celebrated motivations the subject of his 5th symphonic music is known, in hisain words, as Fate, strike harding at the door. It seems fate truly wasstrike harding at the door for all of his life. Fromhis first old ages his life was non happy for him. Sing the extended musicalendowment of immature Ludwig, his male parent, a music partisan, but an highly petroleumand violent individual, wanted to do him a following Mozart. Ludwig was merely fourold ages old when his male parent started to coerce him to play the cembalo and fiddlefor hours a twenty-four hours, closing him entirely in his room. But boy did non come to detestmusic. He was non every bit gifted as Mozart was, but he was remarkably talented,larning the piano, organ and fiddle at an early age. Oneof his first teachers, and the most important in his life was a tribunalorganist and noteworthy instrumentalist of the clip, Christian Gottlob Neefe. Under hisdirection, at the age of 10 Beethoven published his first composings ( Ninefluctuations in C Minor ) . If I of all time go anybody, Beethoven wrote toNeefe in October, 26 1873, I shall owe it to you . ***At thirteen his instructor got him a salariedoccupation in the tribunal orchestra, where Ludwig obtained his profound cognition ofinstrumentality. Atthe age of 17 he left for Vienna with the hope of analyzing with Mozart.Harmonizing to some beginnings Mozart took small notice of him, to others he wasimpressed by Beethoven s improvisatory accomplishments and said: Watch this immatureadult male ; he will yet do a noise in the universe, but because of his female parent sdecease Beethoven returned to Germany. In 1792, when he came back, neer toreturn to his fatherland for the remainder of his life, Mozart was non alive anymore. But he became a student of other celebrated instrumentalists: Joseph Haydn gave himcomposing lessons, Johann Alberchtsberger lessons of Counterpoint andFugue, Salieri trained him in vocal authorship. YoungBeethoven was accepted as the most of import executing piano player of his clip,giving concertos at the places of music frequenters. But his straight character couldnon unrecorded in frivolous Vienna. In 1809 he was given a wage from three richestLords with merely one status to stay in Austria and compose. Despitehis disfavor of Vienna, Beethoven rejected the place of tribunal instrumentalist forthe King of Westphalia and became the first free composer in music history. Butdestiny was already strike harding at his door: his hearing became bit by bit weaker. Theforemost symptoms appeared in 1796. For several old ages he kept secret to himself,avoiding company so as non to be noticed in his imposition. In 1801 he could nolonger fell and in the missive to his friends he wrote: Your Beethoven isreally unhappy. You must cognize that the best portion of me, my hearing, has becamereally weak? How sad is my life? I m deaf. Had my profession been any other, thingsmight still be endurable: but if it is, my state of affairs is awful? Thetragic unhappiness was expressed in some of his work in this period: in the Largoof the Piano Sonata in D, opus 10 ( 1798 ) , in the Sonata Pathetique, Op.13 ( 1799 ) .It is of import to detect that merely opus 1 of his work was written before 1796,the following musical composition the first three Piano Sonatas appeared in March 1796. So,about all Beethoven s plants are that of a deaf adult male. Anothersort of agony was added to that: his was rejected by his dearest love,Giulietta Guicciardi, to whom in 1802 he dedicated his Piano sonata in hundred # . ***In some old ages he met Theresa von Brunswick a adult females, who played a really important function in his life, whom he will loveuntil the terminal of his life, and to whom he will compose the celebrated missive,overfill with stamp and love Immortal beloved ( it is hardto state why they were non married. Preferably, the chief ground was thedifference in those societal places ) . Beethovenpassed a awful crisis, his hearing loss was more and more important and thelast hopes of retrieving his wellness disappeared. At that clip he wrote a missivefor his brothers, Carl and Johann, known as HeiligenstadtTestement , with the undermentioned way: To be read and carried outafter my decease . He was on the brink of self-destruction. How broken Ihold felt if person standing beside me heard the sound of a flute in thedistance and I heard nil If non for my music, little more of this and Iwould hold ended my life I have been stranger to the shake of joy for solong. When, O God, when shall I experience joy one time more? But his powerfulnature could non give up under the weight of his agony: My physicalbeneath improves ever with the growing of my rational force? Yes, I canfell that my young person is merely merely get downing O, if I were merely free from myhearing loss I would encompass the universe! ? No remainder! At least, none that I know ofexcept slumber ; ? I will pay war against fate. Upto about this twelvemonth ( 1802 ) the first period of his originative work finished. heproduced 6 threading fours, 10 piano sonatas, and 2 symphonic musics. He continued to keep the basic Classical traditions of signifier yet his usage of tune, beat maintain the basic Classical traditions of signifier yet his usage of tune, beatand harmoniousness expands upon the musical vocabulary of other composers of the clip. and harmony expands upon the musical vocabulary of other composers of the clip. This2nd phase of Beethoven s musical development was stirred in portion by thepolitical agitation of the period. The democratic announcements of the GallicRevolution was altering the face of Europe. The Symphony # 3 Eroica was written for and around Napoleon Bonaparte. *** Beethovenprofoundly believed in the ideals of autonomy, equality and brotherhood for all work forces.He felt himself to be equal, if non superior, to the Lords to whom he wasindebted and to whom he was expected to bow down. Bettina Brentano, who saw himat that clip, says no male monarch or emperor was of all time so witting of hispower. Anarrative is told that as he and the great German poet, Goethe, were walking throughthe street a Imperial household. Duke Rudolph raised his chapeau to me, theEmpress bowing to me foremost? wrote Beethoven the twenty-four hours after, Iamused myself in watching the emanation base on balls by Goethe. He remained on theroadside bowing low, hat in manus. I talk him to task for it pretty badly anddid non save him at all . Some after Goeater said: Beethoven is,unluckily, possessed of a wild and coarse temperament ; he is non incorrect inhis happening the word detestable, but that is non the manner to do it pleasantfor himself or for others. We must pardon and commiseration him for his deaf , andignored him wholly. Muchof Beethoven s music from this period reflects his radical spirit. It wasthe period, when in effort to happen his ain manner, he broke regulations of classicalcomposing. Webster s lexicon says, that term authoritative denotes primary the rules and feature of Greek and Romanliterature and art ; considered as incarnating formal elegance, simpleness,self-respect and rightness of manner . The 2nd period of Beethoven creativework can non be considered as a strictly authoritative. It was the beginning of hisromanticism. E.T.A. Hoffmann, an of import critic and originative author of theclip, wrote: Beethoven s music sets in gesture the lever of fright, of awe,of horror, of agony, and awakens merely that space yearning which is thekernel of Romanticism. He is consequently a wholly Romantic composer . Thefist two symphonic musics, in C and D, belong to school of Mozart and Haydn. In 1802Beethoven said: I am non satisfied with my work up to present clip. Fromtoday I mean to take a new route . The 3rd symphonic music was truly an illustrationof that new route. Some characteristics can be noticed: the connecting of the 2ndsubject with the first, the 2nd motion is of unusual signifier a funeral March,remarkably long 3rd motion, which used to be the shortest and now raised tothe degree with others, the extraordinary importance of the finale, with thedebut of a new subject in it. The separating element one can happen: histunes are much more emotional, the 1s of his predecessors. A great sumof music was produced during this portion of his life: 1 opera, 3 threading fours,2 piano concertos, 5 symphonic musics, overtures and incidental music and legionpiano sonatas. Inabout 1816, the 3rd period of Beethoven s music began. His hearing loss becamecomplete. Beethoven began to imbibe to a great extent doing terrible redness of hisdigestive piece of land and liver harm which was finally to be the cause of hisdecease. Afterthe fall of 1815 he could merely pass on with his friends by composing, bythis clip dates the alteration of manner in his music, get downing with Sonata op.101.He continued his earlier experiments, but with a new attack to thedevelopment of melodious subjects. Before, short motivations of three or four noteswould be used in assorted ways ; now, full tunes would be worked, reworkedand varied. Hebesides blurred the spliting lines of the subdivisions within motions, developing aapparently more complex signifier, and broke off from classical signifiers by composing asonata in 2 motion and a twine four in 7 motions. Atthat period he wrote two the most monolithic of his plants: 9th Symphony ( Choral )and Messa Solemnis. InSymphony # 9 in D Minor, his last symphonic work, he adds a solo four andchorus. Never before had any composer added voices to a symphonic music. Many were tofollow Beethoven s lead in the hereafter. In this last large work he set Schiller sOde to Joy to music, a verse form which describes the ageless brotherhood of adult male. On7 May, 1824, wholly deaf, he conducted this symphonic music. He heard nil whenthe audience was claping to him, and even did non surmise, until he sawthem, clapping their custodies and relinquishing chapeaus. OnMarch 26 the Viennese celestial spheres were split with lightning and growled withboom. It was about as the metropolis was giving voice of heartache. A peal boomrumbled in Beethoven s decease room. Ever the Rebel, Beethoven feebly raised anoncompliant fist toward the celestial spheres. Then he fell back, and died . This narrativehas become portion of his literature. The medical decision about the grounds ofhis decease looked like the list of diseases. It was non easy to state what ishealthy. Martin Cooper in his monograph gave a item lettering ofBeethoven s medical history: hearing loss, cirrhosis of liver, perchance venerealdisease ( syphilis? ) . And as a reasoning phrase of his work he wrote: Heneer did believe much of us ; possibly we should go forth him in peace ? Beethovenlast words were: Plaudite, amici, commedia finita Eastern Time Friends applaud, the Comedy is over . Notthe comedy, but the calamity. # 1057 ; # 1087 ; # 1080 ; # 1089 ; # 1086 ; # 1082 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; # 1090 ; # 1091 ; # 1088 ; # 1099 ; Ñà ¯Ãƒ ¨Ãƒ ±Ãƒ ®Ãƒ ª à «Ãƒ ¨Ãƒ ²Ãƒ ¥Ãƒ °Ãƒ  Ãƒ ²Ãƒ ³Ãƒ °Ãƒ » RomainRolland Beethoven . GouldingPhil Classical music. The 50 Greatest Composers and at that place 1000 Greatest Works. Indy,Vincent Beethoven ; a critical life Cooper,Martin. Beethoven: The Last Decade. 1817-1827. Grove,George Beethoven and his nine symphonic musics Landon,H. C. Robbins Beethoven: his life, work and universe. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dixie.edu/academics/courses/mus101/Beet.htm hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cp-tel.net/miller/billee/quotes/Beethoven.html Ludwig Van Beethoven free essay sample During he Classical period it became more and more possible for the public to enjoy and participate in leisure activities. The people wanted an end to tax exemptions and special privileges given to the nobility. So, in the music world, people born with statues now werent the only one who could afford to go to concerts. This was a rise to the middle class. Musicians responded to this opportunity. Music became more popular, there was widening Of styles and taste. Music was composed for all different sorts of occasions.However for mom composers like Mozart, Beethoven is one if the most famous classical composers of the western world. He is remembered for his powerful and stormy compositions, and for continuing to compose and conduct even after he began to go deaf at age 28. Beethoven was a perfectionist; he would work years on perfecting a single symphony. Beethovens work brought about the classical period and also effectively initiated the romantic era in music. We will write a custom essay sample on Ludwig Van Beethoven or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He is one of the few artists who genuinely may be considered revolutionary.Born in 1770, Beethoven came of age as an artist and composer when the consequences of revolutions had to be confronted and when the work of patronage had already shifted to the less reliable mechanisms of the commercial sphere such as publications and concerts proceeds, supplemented by few noble patronage. It is in this world of change that we find Beethoven one of the most perplexing composers. Beethovens total output is usually divided into three periods: early, middle and end.Mozart and Haydn influenced Beethovens early music, his pieces included a simple, and slow moving harmony and structures were sonata form. But some of his other early pieces also show his own personal style. He built on the principles of sonata form and mitotic development that he had inherited from Haydn and Mozart, but greatly extended them, writing longer and more ambitious movements. The Middle period began shortly after Beethovens personal crisis centering around deafness. Napoleon became first consul Of France during this period of time; it was also this time that Beethovens music changed to a heroic tone. Although Beethoven was almost deaf, he was yet to produce some of his most profound works, such as some of his symphonies, which were his huge works. His works in the Middle period were very dramatic and strong and also show triumph. Beethovens late period began around 181 6 and lasted until Beethoven ceased to compose in 1826. During this late period, he also showed characteristics of Romanticism. Ludwig Van Beethoven free essay sample Ludwig Van Beethoven was born in December 16, 1770 in Germany. His father, Ionian van Beethoven, was his first music teacher. It is reported that Beethovens father was a very strict and hard music teacher. Beethoven knew how to play the piano, viola, and the organ, and was on his way to showing the public his talent at the early age of 7. His most important music teacher in Germany was Christian Gotten Neff, who helped him publish his first composition at the age of 10, which was a set of nine keyboard variations In C minor.Beethovens biggest influence was Mozart, which he met In Vienna In 1787. He anted to study under Mozart but was not able to due to his mothers death, which forced him to go back to Germany. In 1792, at the age of 22, Beethoven made his second attempt to move to Vienna where he studied with Joseph Haydn. We will write a custom essay sample on Ludwig Van Beethoven or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the first year In Vienna It was very hard for Beethoven since there were not many opportunities for him, but his talent grew stronger and he started to get noticed. By 1793, Beethoven established a reputation In Vienna as a Plano virtuoso.In 1 795 while he was still in Vienna he was asked to compose and perform a ancestor for the annual charity concert for Widows and Orphans of the Society of Musicians. He put this job off and did not start composing until two-days before his deadline. Beethoven knew his procrastination might cost him this performance and so he started to frantically write out the score as four copyists stood by in his apartment snatching pages from him as he completed them and rushed to make orchestral parts. The premiere of the Piano Concerto No. 2 in B-flat major, Pop. 19 was on March 2, 1 795 and it was a great success. It was written in only two days because f Beethovens procrastination but surprisingly it became a masterpiece. It even shocked Czech composer and pianist Vocal Tomatoes. It was noted by many that the piece was unlike anything they have heard before, they claimed that it had daring deviations that no other composer or performer has ever done before.Although the criticism was good, Beethoven was not happy with the piece and revised it many times. The final version of this piece, the one everyone hears today was first heard in 1798. The structure of this piece resembles Mozart piano concertos, but the style Is trickily Beethoven, no one was as daring as Beethoven. The movement of this piece Is vibrant with contrasts loud and soft, forceful and pliant, staccato and legato but all In a spirit of elegance and sophistication. This piece really made him stand out In Vienna and showed that Beethoven was here to stay and more of these daring pieces were yet to come. Today, Beethoven Is known as one of the greatest composers. Beethoven composed In various genres, Including: symphonies, concertos, Plano sonatas, other sonatas (Including for violin), string quartets and other chamber music, masses, an pear, and Lieder. Beethoven Is viewed as one of the most Important transitional figures between the Classical and Romantic eras of musical history. He has had much Influence on musicians and music as a whole and will continue to do so; he Is a music legend and icon and will always be remembered as one of the greatest. Tussahs of nine keyboard variations in C minor. Beethovens biggest influence was Mozart, which he met in Vienna in 1787. He Anted to study under Mozart but was not able to due to his mothers death, which {ear in Vienna it was very hard for Beethoven since there were not many 793, Beethoven established a reputation in Vienna as a piano virtuoso.